mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

The social dilemma of autonomous vehicles

arXiv 1510.03346 ↗First posted 12 Oct 2015cs.CYcited by 47

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Abstract (arXiv)

Autonomous Vehicles (AVs) should reduce traffic accidents, but they will sometimes have to choose between two evils-for example, running over pedestrians or sacrificing itself and its passenger to save them. Defining the algorithms that will help AVs make these moral decisions is a formidable challenge. We found that participants to six MTurk studies approved of utilitarian AVs (that sacrifice their passengers for the greater good), and would like others to buy them, but they would themselves prefer to ride in AVs that protect their passengers at all costs. They would disapprove of enforcing utilitarian AVs, and would be less willing to buy such a regulated AV. Accordingly, regulating for utilitarian algorithms may paradoxically increase casualties by postponing the adoption of a safer technology.

Key facts. Cited by 47 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 12 Oct 2015.

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Cited by year (2026 to 7 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2021: 9; 2022: 7; 2023: 9; 2024: 7; 2025: 11; 2026: 4.

47 papers.

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  1. 2021What Do We Want From Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)? -- A Stakeholder Perspective on XAI and a Conceptual Model Guiding Interdisciplinary XAI Researchcited by 119
  2. 2024RAG-Driver: Generalisable Driving Explanations with Retrieval-Augmented In-Context Learning in Multi-Modal Large Language Modelcited by 91
  3. 2024World Models for Autonomous Driving: An Initial Surveycited by 79
  4. 2023Milestones in Autonomous Driving and Intelligent Vehicles: Survey of Surveyscited by 75
  5. 2023GPT-4 Enhanced Multimodal Grounding for Autonomous Driving: Leveraging Cross-Modal Attention with Large Language Modelscited by 31
  6. 2021Human Perceptions on Moral Responsibility of AI: A Case Study in AI-Assisted Bail Decision-Makingcited by 23
  7. 2021Responsible AI: Gender bias assessment in emotion recognitioncited by 22
  8. 2024Attributions toward Artificial Agents in a modified Moral Turing Testcited by 18
  9. 2024Position: Towards Bidirectional Human-AI Alignmentcited by 15
  10. 2022Metaethical Perspectives on 'Benchmarking' AI Ethicscited by 11
  11. 2024Large-scale moral machine experiment on large language modelscited by 9
  12. 2025Can AI Model the Complexities of Human Moral Decision-Making? A Qualitative Study of Kidney Allocation Decisionscited by 9
35 more
  1. 2023Hybrid Approaches for Moral Value Alignment in AI Agents: a Manifestocited by 7
  2. 2025Many LLMs Are More Utilitarian Than Onecited by 7
  3. 2021Have a break from making decisions, have a MARS: The Multi-valued Action Reasoning Systemcited by 6
  4. 2022Moral Dilemmas for Moral Machinescited by 6
  5. 2022When Is It Acceptable to Break the Rules? Knowledge Representation of Moral Judgement Based on Empirical Datacited by 5
  6. 2025AI Safety vs. AI Security: Demystifying the Distinction and Boundariescited by 5
  7. 2021The social dilemma in artificial intelligence development and why we have to solve itcited by 4
  8. 2023Using Collision Momentum in Deep Reinforcement Learning Based Adversarial Pedestrian Modelingcited by 4
  9. 2025On the Need for a Statistical Foundation in Scenario-Based Testing of Autonomous Vehiclescited by 4
  10. 2025The Science Fiction Science Methodcited by 4
  11. 2022Artificial intelligence in government: Concepts, standards, and a unified frameworkcited by 3
  12. 2021On the limits of algorithmic prediction across the globecited by 2
  13. 2023Learning Roles with Emergent Social Value Orientationscited by 2
  14. 2024People Attribute Purpose to Autonomous Vehicles When Explaining Their Behavior: Insights from Cognitive Science for Explainable AIcited by 2
  15. 2021Randomized Classifiers vs Human Decision-Makers: Trustworthy AI May Have to Act Randomly and Society Seems to Accept Thiscited by 1
  16. 2022Advising Autonomous Cars about the Rules of the Roadcited by 1
  17. 2023Assessing Trustworthiness of Autonomous Systemscited by 1
  18. 2024Tesla's Autopilot: Ethics and Tragedycited by 1
  19. 2025Towards Developing Ethical Reasoners: Integrating Probabilistic Reasoning and Decision-Making for Complex AI Systemscited by 1
  20. 2025Ethics-Aware Safe Reinforcement Learning for Rare-Event Risk Control in Interactive Urban Drivingcited by 1
  21. 2021The Controllability of Planning, Responsibility, and Security in Automatic Driving Technologycited by 0
  22. 2021A Review of Autonomous Road Vehicle Integrated Approaches to an Emergency Obstacle Avoidance Maneuvercited by 0
  23. 2022The risk ethics of autonomous vehicles: a continuous trolley problem in regular road trafficcited by 0
  24. 2022Towards human-compatible autonomous car: A study of non-verbal Turing test in automated driving with affective transition modellingcited by 0
  25. 2023Automated Driving Without Ethics: Meaning, Design and Real-World Implementationcited by 0
  26. 2023Autonomous Vehicles an overview on system, cyber security, risks, issues, and a way forwardcited by 0
  27. 2023Analyze Drivers' Intervention Behavior During Autonomous Driving -- A VR-incorporated Approachcited by 0
  28. 2025Cross-cultural Deployment of Autonomous Vehicles Using Data-light Inverse Reinforcement Learningcited by 0
  29. 2025Investigating Robotaxi Crash Severity with Geographical Random Forest and the Urban Environmentcited by 0
  30. 2025Six Guidelines for Trustworthy, Ethical and Responsible Automation Designcited by 0
  31. 2025Understanding Practitioners Perspectives on Monitoring Machine Learning Systemscited by 0
  32. 2026From Review to Design: Ethical Multimodal Driver Monitoring Systems for Risk Mitigation, Incident Response, and Accountability in Automated Vehiclescited by 0
  33. 2026Learning social norms enhances compatibility in dynamic human-AI coordinationcited by 0
  34. 2026The Ethical Decision Head: Operationalizing Normative Ethics in Autonomous Vehicles via Reinforcement Learning from Human Feedbackcited by 0
  35. 2026How do LLMs Evaluate Perceived Moral Agency? Investigating Moral Decision-Making in Human-Artificial Agents Interactionscited by 0