DeepFix: A Fully Convolutional Neural Network for predicting Human Eye Fixations
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Abstract (arXiv)
Understanding and predicting the human visual attentional mechanism is an active area of research in the fields of neuroscience and computer vision. In this work, we propose DeepFix, a first-of-its-kind fully convolutional neural network for accurate saliency prediction. Unlike classical works which characterize the saliency map using various hand-crafted features, our model automatically learns features in a hierarchical fashion and predicts saliency map in an end-to-end manner. DeepFix is designed to capture semantics at multiple scales while taking global context into account using network layers with very large receptive fields. Generally, fully convolutional nets are spatially invariant which prevents them from modeling location dependent patterns (e.g. centre-bias). Our network overcomes this limitation by incorporating a novel Location Biased Convolutional layer. We evaluate our model on two challenging eye fixation datasets -- MIT300, CAT2000 and show that it outperforms other recent approaches by a significant margin.
Key facts. Cited by 48 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 10 Oct 2015.
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Citing papers per year: 2019: 1; 2020: 1; 2021: 13; 2022: 4; 2023: 5; 2024: 10; 2025: 8; 2026: 6.
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- 2020Predicting Goal-directed Human Attention Using Inverse Reinforcement Learningcited by 53
- 2023Gazeformer: Scalable, Effective and Fast Prediction of Goal-Directed Human Attentioncited by 38
- 2019MEDIRL: Predicting the Visual Attention of Drivers via Maximum Entropy Deep Inverse Reinforcement Learningcited by 29
- 2023Unifying Top-down and Bottom-up Scanpath Prediction Using Transformerscited by 22
- 2024Uni-RLHF: Universal Platform and Benchmark Suite for Reinforcement Learning with Diverse Human Feedbackcited by 21
- 2021Spatio-Temporal Self-Attention Network for Video Saliency Predictioncited by 19
- 2022Saliency in Augmented Realitycited by 17
- 2024ViSaRL: Visual Reinforcement Learning Guided by Human Saliencycited by 12
- 2024SUM: Saliency Unification through Mamba for Visual Attention Modelingcited by 12
- 2021Instance-Level Relative Saliency Ranking with Graph Reasoningcited by 9
- 2021Look Twice: A Generalist Computational Model Predicts Return Fixations across Tasks and Speciescited by 8
- 2021Attention mechanisms and deep learning for machine vision: A survey of the state of the artcited by 8
36 more
- 2022Efficient Zero-shot Visual Search via Target and Context-aware Transformercited by 8
- 2024How is Visual Attention Influenced by Text Guidance? Database and Modelcited by 7
- 2024Shifting Focus with HCEye: Exploring the Dynamics of Visual Highlighting and Cognitive Load on User Attention and Saliency Predictioncited by 6
- 2024Data Augmentation via Latent Diffusion for Saliency Predictioncited by 5
- 2025Task-Oriented Semantic Communication in Large Multimodal Models-based Vehicle Networkscited by 5
- 2025DiffEye: Diffusion-Based Continuous Eye-Tracking Data Generation Conditioned on Natural Imagescited by 5
- 2022Improving saliency models' predictions of the next fixation with humans' intrinsic cost of gaze shiftscited by 4
- 2023What Do Deep Saliency Models Learn about Visual Attention?cited by 4
- 2025Modeling Saliency Dataset Biascited by 4
- 2021A Gated Fusion Network for Dynamic Saliency Predictioncited by 3
- 2021Bio-Inspired Representation Learning for Visual Attention Predictioncited by 3
- 2021Where to look at the movies : Analyzing visual attention to understand movie editingcited by 2
- 2021Modeling Object Dissimilarity for Deep Saliency Predictioncited by 2
- 2021Audio-Visual Collaborative Representation Learning for Dynamic Saliency Predictioncited by 2
- 2023Learning Saliency From Fixationscited by 2
- 2025Phase-Aligned RoPE for Mixed-Resolution Diffusion Transformercited by 2
- 2022Clustered Saliency Predictioncited by 1
- 2023Multi-Scale Estimation for Omni-Directional Saliency Maps Using Learnable Equator Biascited by 1
- 2024Learning Gaussian Representation for Eye Fixation Predictioncited by 1
- 2024Relevance-guided Audio Visual Fusion for Video Saliency Predictioncited by 1
- 2024The Impact of the Single-Label Assumption in Image Recognition Benchmarkingcited by 1
- 2026Exploring deep learning for Event-Based Saliency Prediction with a Transformer-based modelcited by 1
- 2021Noise-Aware Video Saliency Predictioncited by 0
- 2021Class-Agnostic Segmentation Loss and Its Application to Salient Object Detection and Segmentationcited by 0
- 2021Deriving Explanation of Deep Visual Saliency Modelscited by 0
- 2021Benchmarking human visual search computational models in natural scenes: models comparison and reference datasetscited by 0
- 2024On-Road Object Importance Estimation: A New Dataset and A Model with Multi-Fold Top-Down Guidancecited by 0
- 2025Neural Radiance and Gaze Fields for Visual Attention Modeling in 3D Environmentscited by 0
- 2025Visual Attention Graphcited by 0
- 2025GazeProphet: Software-Only Gaze Prediction for VR Foveated Renderingcited by 0
- 2025GazeProphetV2: Head-Movement-Based Gaze Prediction Enabling Efficient Foveated Rendering on Mobile VRcited by 0
- 2026Computational Framework for Estimating Relative Gaussian Blur Kernels between Image Pairscited by 0
- 2026ViASNet: A Video Ad Saliency Network for Predicting Dynamic Saliency and Viewer Engagementcited by 0
- 2026ST-DiffEye: Diffusion-based Continuous Gaze Generation via Joint Scanpath-Trajectory Modelingcited by 0
- 2026OpenVAM: Open-World Visual Attention Modeling with VLMscited by 0
- 2026Semantic Saliency from Multi-Modal Large Language Model Scene Understanding Mapscited by 0
- 2026Semantic Saliency from Multi-Modal Large Language Model Scene Understanding Maps11 Oct 2026
- 2026OpenVAM: Open-World Visual Attention Modeling with VLMs25 Sep 2026
- 2026ST-DiffEye: Diffusion-based Continuous Gaze Generation via Joint Scanpath-Trajectory Modeling13 Jun 2026
- 2026ViASNet: A Video Ad Saliency Network for Predicting Dynamic Saliency and Viewer Engagement28 May 2026
- 2026Exploring deep learning for Event-Based Saliency Prediction with a Transformer-based model22 May 2026
- 2026Computational Framework for Estimating Relative Gaussian Blur Kernels between Image Pairs26 Jan 2026
- 2025GazeProphetV2: Head-Movement-Based Gaze Prediction Enabling Efficient Foveated Rendering on Mobile VR25 Nov 2025
- 2025Phase-Aligned RoPE for Mixed-Resolution Diffusion Transformer24 Nov 2025
- 2025DiffEye: Diffusion-Based Continuous Eye-Tracking Data Generation Conditioned on Natural Images20 Sep 2025
- 2025GazeProphet: Software-Only Gaze Prediction for VR Foveated Rendering19 Aug 2025
- 2025Modeling Saliency Dataset Bias15 May 2025
- 2025Task-Oriented Semantic Communication in Large Multimodal Models-based Vehicle Networks5 May 2025
36 more
- 2025Visual Attention Graph11 Mar 2025
- 2025Neural Radiance and Gaze Fields for Visual Attention Modeling in 3D Environments10 Mar 2025
- 2024The Impact of the Single-Label Assumption in Image Recognition Benchmarking24 Dec 2024
- 2024On-Road Object Importance Estimation: A New Dataset and A Model with Multi-Fold Top-Down Guidance26 Nov 2024
- 2024Relevance-guided Audio Visual Fusion for Video Saliency Prediction18 Nov 2024
- 2024Data Augmentation via Latent Diffusion for Saliency Prediction11 Sep 2024
- 2024SUM: Saliency Unification through Mamba for Visual Attention Modeling25 Jun 2024
- 2024Shifting Focus with HCEye: Exploring the Dynamics of Visual Highlighting and Cognitive Load on User Attention and Saliency Prediction22 Apr 2024
- 2024How is Visual Attention Influenced by Text Guidance? Database and Model11 Apr 2024
- 2024Learning Gaussian Representation for Eye Fixation Prediction21 Mar 2024
- 2024ViSaRL: Visual Reinforcement Learning Guided by Human Saliency16 Mar 2024
- 2024Uni-RLHF: Universal Platform and Benchmark Suite for Reinforcement Learning with Diverse Human Feedback4 Feb 2024
- 2023Learning Saliency From Fixations23 Nov 2023
- 2023What Do Deep Saliency Models Learn about Visual Attention?14 Oct 2023
- 2023Multi-Scale Estimation for Omni-Directional Saliency Maps Using Learnable Equator Bias15 Sep 2023
- 2023Gazeformer: Scalable, Effective and Fast Prediction of Goal-Directed Human Attention27 Mar 2023
- 2023Unifying Top-down and Bottom-up Scanpath Prediction Using Transformers16 Mar 2023
- 2022Efficient Zero-shot Visual Search via Target and Context-aware Transformer24 Nov 2022
- 2022Improving saliency models' predictions of the next fixation with humans' intrinsic cost of gaze shifts9 Jul 2022
- 2022Clustered Saliency Prediction5 Jul 2022
- 2022Saliency in Augmented Reality18 Apr 2022
- 2021Benchmarking human visual search computational models in natural scenes: models comparison and reference datasets10 Dec 2021
- 2021Audio-Visual Collaborative Representation Learning for Dynamic Saliency Prediction17 Sep 2021
- 2021Deriving Explanation of Deep Visual Saliency Models8 Sep 2021
- 2021Spatio-Temporal Self-Attention Network for Video Saliency Prediction24 Aug 2021
- 2021Class-Agnostic Segmentation Loss and Its Application to Salient Object Detection and Segmentation16 Jul 2021
- 2021Instance-Level Relative Saliency Ranking with Graph Reasoning8 Jul 2021
- 2021Attention mechanisms and deep learning for machine vision: A survey of the state of the art3 Jun 2021
- 2021Noise-Aware Video Saliency Prediction16 Apr 2021
- 2021Modeling Object Dissimilarity for Deep Saliency Prediction8 Apr 2021
- 2021Bio-Inspired Representation Learning for Visual Attention Prediction9 Mar 2021
- 2021Where to look at the movies : Analyzing visual attention to understand movie editing26 Feb 2021
- 2021A Gated Fusion Network for Dynamic Saliency Prediction15 Feb 2021
- 2021Look Twice: A Generalist Computational Model Predicts Return Fixations across Tasks and Species5 Jan 2021
- 2020Predicting Goal-directed Human Attention Using Inverse Reinforcement Learning28 May 2020
- 2019MEDIRL: Predicting the Visual Attention of Drivers via Maximum Entropy Deep Inverse Reinforcement Learning17 Dec 2019
- 2023Gazeformer: Scalable, Effective and Fast Prediction of Goal-Directed Human Attentioncited by 38
- 2023Unifying Top-down and Bottom-up Scanpath Prediction Using Transformerscited by 22
- 2021Spatio-Temporal Self-Attention Network for Video Saliency Predictioncited by 19
- 2022Saliency in Augmented Realitycited by 17
- 2021Instance-Level Relative Saliency Ranking with Graph Reasoningcited by 9
- 2021Look Twice: A Generalist Computational Model Predicts Return Fixations across Tasks and Speciescited by 8
- 2021Attention mechanisms and deep learning for machine vision: A survey of the state of the artcited by 8
- 2022Efficient Zero-shot Visual Search via Target and Context-aware Transformercited by 8
- 2024How is Visual Attention Influenced by Text Guidance? Database and Modelcited by 7
- 2024Shifting Focus with HCEye: Exploring the Dynamics of Visual Highlighting and Cognitive Load on User Attention and Saliency Predictioncited by 6
- 2022Improving saliency models' predictions of the next fixation with humans' intrinsic cost of gaze shiftscited by 4
- 2023What Do Deep Saliency Models Learn about Visual Attention?cited by 4
12 most cited of 38 All 38 (JSON)
- 2026OpenVAM: Open-World Visual Attention Modeling with VLMs25 Sep 2026
- 2026ST-DiffEye: Diffusion-based Continuous Gaze Generation via Joint Scanpath-Trajectory Modeling13 Jun 2026
- 2026ViASNet: A Video Ad Saliency Network for Predicting Dynamic Saliency and Viewer Engagement28 May 2026
- 2026Exploring deep learning for Event-Based Saliency Prediction with a Transformer-based model22 May 2026
- 2026Computational Framework for Estimating Relative Gaussian Blur Kernels between Image Pairs26 Jan 2026
- 2025GazeProphetV2: Head-Movement-Based Gaze Prediction Enabling Efficient Foveated Rendering on Mobile VR25 Nov 2025
- 2025GazeProphet: Software-Only Gaze Prediction for VR Foveated Rendering19 Aug 2025
- 2025Modeling Saliency Dataset Bias15 May 2025
- 2025Visual Attention Graph11 Mar 2025
- 2025Neural Radiance and Gaze Fields for Visual Attention Modeling in 3D Environments10 Mar 2025
- 2024The Impact of the Single-Label Assumption in Image Recognition Benchmarking24 Dec 2024
- 2024On-Road Object Importance Estimation: A New Dataset and A Model with Multi-Fold Top-Down Guidance26 Nov 2024
12 newest of 38 All 38 (JSON)