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Bidirectional LSTM-CRF Models for Sequence Tagging

arXiv 1508.01991 ↗First posted 9 Aug 2015cs.CLcited by 546

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Abstract (arXiv)

In this paper, we propose a variety of Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) based models for sequence tagging. These models include LSTM networks, bidirectional LSTM (BI-LSTM) networks, LSTM with a Conditional Random Field (CRF) layer (LSTM-CRF) and bidirectional LSTM with a CRF layer (BI-LSTM-CRF). Our work is the first to apply a bidirectional LSTM CRF (denoted as BI-LSTM-CRF) model to NLP benchmark sequence tagging data sets. We show that the BI-LSTM-CRF model can efficiently use both past and future input features thanks to a bidirectional LSTM component. It can also use sentence level tag information thanks to a CRF layer. The BI-LSTM-CRF model can produce state of the art (or close to) accuracy on POS, chunking and NER data sets. In addition, it is robust and has less dependence on word embedding as compared to previous observations.

Key facts. Cited by 546 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 9 Aug 2015.

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Citing papers per year: 2019: 1; 2020: 0; 2021: 151; 2022: 126; 2023: 102; 2024: 76; 2025: 61; 2026: 29.

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