Warned alike, AI agents avoid the less-crowded road while people take it
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Abstract (arXiv)
AI agents built on a few shared models increasingly act for many people. A shared forecast about others can align their choices and change how scarce capacity is allocated. We tested this feedback in a two-road congestion game. Adding one sentence warning that others might follow a routing tip made populations of 50 GPT agents crowd one road while avoiding the nearly empty alternative. Average travel time rose from 64 to 95 min, although any crowded-road agent could have saved 69 min by switching alone. The warning discouraged the very move it predicted. The pattern persisted for 100 rounds. Two other model families shifted the same way without locking onto one road. Twelve all-human groups (240 participants) stayed near balance under numerical reports or the tip and warning. In 24 mixed groups with a further 240 participants, imbalance grew with the share of agents in the registered analysis, while people increasingly took the road the agents avoided. Collective costs stayed below the allagent reference, but with 15 agents and 5 humans, agent seats averaged 80 min, compared with 44 min for human seats. Shared forecasts can thus sustain collective inefficiency among similar agents. A better group average can also hide an unequal burden. Evaluations of AI agents that share resources should test populations, treat messages as interventions and report who bears the costs.
Key facts. No citing papers in the map yet (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 13 of its 46 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 25 Sep 2026.
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13 of 46 references.
References · 13
- 2023Playing repeated games with Large Language Modelscited by 213
- 2024Cooperate or Collapse: Emergence of Sustainable Cooperation in a Society of LLM Agentscited by 120
- 2024Emergent social conventions and collective bias in LLM populationscited by 115
- 2024When combinations of humans and AI are useful: A systematic review and meta-analysiscited by 100
- 2021Algorithmic Monoculture and Social Welfarecited by 98
- 2022Picking on the Same Person: Does Algorithmic Monoculture lead to Outcome Homogenization?cited by 89
- 2023Machine Culturecited by 55
- 2024Algorithmic Collusion by Large Language Modelscited by 54
- 2017Cooperating with Machinescited by 39
- 2025The Effect of State Representation on LLM Agent Behavior in Dynamic Routing Gamescited by 9
- 2025LLM-ABM for Transportation: Assessing the Potential of LLM Agents in System Analysiscited by 6
- 2016Informational Braess' Paradox: The Effect of Information on Traffic Congestioncited by 3
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