mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

Do Language Models Know Their Own Constraints?

arXiv 2609.22151 ↗First posted 26 Aug 2026cs.CL cs.LGcited by 0

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Abstract (arXiv)

We ask whether behavioral constraints acquired through post training remain explicitly reportable. Using constrained recipe generation as a testbed, five banned ingredients enforced via LoRA fine tuning of Llama 3.1 8B Instruct we compare supervised fine tuning (SFT) and Group Relative Policy Optimization (GRPO) against an untrained baseline on a four tier Constraint Awareness Benchmark. Averaged over three seeds, both methods raise behavioral compliance from 4% to about 90% while reducing explicit constraint reporting below the untrained model (0.48/5 to 0.16/5 for SFT, 0.07/5 for GRPO) and eroding retained third person knowledge (93% to 36% for SFT, 14% for GRPO; p less than 0.01 between methods). Contrary to our initial hypothesis, the reward based signal is the more destructive of the two: a reward that penalizes banned ingredient tokens regardless of framing learns a context independent suppression rather than a self directed constraint. A context conditioned reward designed to teach the self to other distinction fails, collapsing toward inclusion in both framings. Probing prompt time hidden states recovers per ingredient avoidance at 83.8% (layer 24 MLP), but only 6.4 points above a per ingredient base rate predictor (77.4%), and the model's own verbal self report is more accurate still (87.8%). A positive control adding explicit self description examples does not restore reporting. The failure is therefore specific to enumerating constraints on request, not a general loss of access to them.

Key facts. No citing papers in the map yet (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 19 of its 22 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 26 Aug 2026.

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19 of 22 references.

References · 19

  1. 2022Training language models to follow instructions with human feedbackcited by 15,712
  2. 2024DeepSeekMath: Pushing the Limits of Mathematical Reasoning in Open Language Modelscited by 8,851
  3. 2023Direct Preference Optimization: Your Language Model is Secretly a Reward Modelcited by 7,916
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  6. 2022Constitutional AI: Harmlessness from AI Feedbackcited by 2,950
  7. 2019Language Models as Knowledge Bases?cited by 1,922
  8. 2022Language Models (Mostly) Know What They Knowcited by 1,783
  9. 2016Understanding intermediate layers using linear classifier probescited by 1,279
  10. 2023Representation Engineering: A Top-Down Approach to AI Transparencycited by 1,239
  11. 2024Refusal in Language Models Is Mediated by a Single Directioncited by 960
  12. 2021Probing Classifiers: Promises, Shortcomings, and Advancescited by 831
7 more
  1. 2023Just Ask for Calibration: Strategies for Eliciting Calibrated Confidence Scores from Language Models Fine-Tuned with Human Feedbackcited by 788
  2. 2022Teaching Models to Express Their Uncertainty in Wordscited by 731
  3. 2019Designing and Interpreting Probes with Control Taskscited by 608
  4. 2017Lexically Constrained Decoding for Sequence Generation Using Grid Beam Searchcited by 234
  5. 2020Information-Theoretic Probing for Linguistic Structurecited by 204
  6. 2018Fast Lexically Constrained Decoding with Dynamic Beam Allocation for Neural Machine Translationcited by 181
  7. 2024Looking Inward: Language Models Can Learn About Themselves by Introspectioncited by 105

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