mlsanityData to 14 Oct 2026

LLM-Guided Reinforcement Learning for Adaptive NPC Behavior in Multi-Agent Combat Games

arXiv 2609.02931 ↗First posted 27 Aug 2026cs.MA cs.LGcited by 0

On the map: LLM agents and tool use → Reinforcement learning for LLM agents

Abstract (arXiv)

Scripted and rule-based non-player characters (NPCs) in combat video games often exhibit predictable behaviors that experienced players can exploit, while reinforcement learning (RL) agents typically retain a fixed policy after training and cannot readily adapt their strategy to different opponents. We investigate a runtime strategy-selection framework in which a large language model (LLM) guides a trained RL policy without modifying its underlying behavior. To demonstrate this, we train five NPC agents with a shared PPO policy in Unity and compare a baseline configuration, in which the policy acts independently, with an LLM-augmented configuration in which a locally hosted Mistral 7B model, accessed through Ollama, reads the live game state every five seconds and assigns one of four tactical tags. We evaluate both configurations against three scripted opponent types across 600 episodes and analyze outcomes using the Mann-Whitney U test. Against a Balanced opponent that changes tactics during an episode, the LLM-augmented agents more than doubled their win rate from 11% to 24% and produced significantly longer episodes. Against an Evasive opponent, the augmented agents achieved a higher win rate and faster kills, although their shorter episode duration did not satisfy the strict hypothesis definition. Against an Aggressive opponent, the LLM's near-constant preference for encirclement was counterproductive. Analysis of 2,430 strategy selections showed that Surround was selected in 83.8% of cases regardless of opponent type, indicating limited zero-shot strategic differentiation at this model scale. These results demonstrate both the potential and limitations of LLM-guided runtime strategy selection for adaptive multi-agent game AI.

Key facts. No citing papers in the map yet (data through 14 Oct 2026). Placed in Reinforcement learning for LLM agents, one of 16 directions in LLM agents and tool use. Builds on 13 of its 46 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 27 Aug 2026.

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13 of 46 references.

Closest ancestors · 2

Same direction, newest first

  1. 2024A Survey on Large Language Model-Based Game Agents2 Apr
  2. 2024Large Language Models as Agents in Two-Player Games12 Feb

Other references · 11

  1. 2017Attention Is All You Needcited by 60,361
  2. 2020Language Models are Few-Shot Learnerscited by 32,419
  3. 2017Proximal Policy Optimization Algorithmscited by 15,215
  4. 2022Chain-of-Thought Prompting Elicits Reasoning in Large Language Modelscited by 12,459
  5. 2017Multi-Agent Actor-Critic for Mixed Cooperative-Competitive Environmentscited by 1,558
  6. 2019Dota 2 with Large Scale Deep Reinforcement Learningcited by 1,103
  7. 2017Counterfactual Multi-Agent Policy Gradientscited by 751
  8. 2020Monotonic Value Function Factorisation for Deep Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learningcited by 485
  9. 2018Unity: A General Platform for Intelligent Agentscited by 236
  10. 2017Emergent Complexity via Multi-Agent Competitioncited by 120
  11. 2020Deep Policy Networks for NPC Behaviors that Adapt to Changing Design Parameters in Roguelike Gamescited by 2

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  3. 2025Guiding Exploration in Reinforcement Learning Through LLM-Augmented Observations
  4. 2025Reinforcement Learning Environment with LLM-Controlled Adversary in D&D 5th Edition Combat
  5. 2025Language-Driven Coordination and Learning in Multi-Agent Simulation Environments
  6. 2026Hybrid LLM-Augmented Reinforcement Learning Agents for Complex Sequential Decision Tasks
  7. 2026Rethinking Agentic Reinforcement Learning In Large Language Models
  8. 2025Orak: A Foundational Benchmark for Training and Evaluating LLM Agents on Diverse Video Games