On the Depth Scalability of Logic Gate Networks

Logic Gate Networks (LGNs) compute through compositions of Boolean operations, yet existing LGNs do not reliably benefit from increased depth. We identify two causes: optimization collapse and topology-induced degradation of output-specific credit that persists even after skip-biased initialization and straight-through estimation stabilize training. We introduce Input-Anchored Logic Gate Networks (IALGNs), in which each gate combines a private hidden spine with a direct input anchor. This topology prevents output-path merging while retaining input access at every layer. Credit diagnostics show that random wiring dilutes or conflicts output-specific gradients, whereas IALGN maintains usable and coherent credit. Random-kx relaxation improves anchor selection without relaxing the spine. Across MNIST, CIFAR-10, and CIFAR-100, IALGN exhibits consistent fixed-width depth--accuracy scaling up to 150 layers, while alternative topologies saturate or degrade. Linear probes, topology ablations, and operation-aware analysis show that trained IALGNs preserve private states and apply sparse anchor-conditioned updates. These results indicate that scalable LGN depth requires both stable optimization and credit-preserving information access.