Evaluating LLM Personalization via Semantic Constraint Verification
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Abstract (arXiv)
Current evaluation paradigms for Large Language Model (LLM) personalization rely heavily on brittle surface-matching metrics or computationally expensive LLM-as-a-judge protocols, both of which lack interpretability. To address these limitations, we introduce Natural Language Inference Constraint Verification (NLICV), a scalable, semantically invariant framework that maps sentence meanings to truth-condition sets to verify personalization constraints via a Natural Language Inference (NLI) model. Moving beyond binary scoring, NLICV categorizes LLM behaviors into four distinct modes: personalization, generalization, sycophancy, and failure. Extensive experiments demonstrate that NLICV aligns closely with human annotations while drastically reducing the latency and token costs associated with LLM judges (up to 2100 inference speedup). Finally, through an ablation-based procedure, NLICV pinpoints the exact sentences driving the constraint verification, yielding faithful, understandable evidence for its evaluations.
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References · 14
- 2019RoBERTa: A Robustly Optimized BERT Pretraining Approachcited by 13,372
- 2020Measuring Massive Multitask Language Understandingcited by 7,963
- 2019DistilBERT, a distilled version of BERT: smaller, faster, cheaper and lightercited by 4,307
- 2017A Broad-Coverage Challenge Corpus for Sentence Understanding through Inferencecited by 2,682
- 2021DeBERTaV3: Improving DeBERTa using ELECTRA-Style Pre-Training with Gradient-Disentangled Embedding Sharingcited by 1,254
- 2023LaMP: When Large Language Models Meet Personalizationcited by 437
- 2020MiniLMv2: Multi-Head Self-Attention Relation Distillation for Compressing Pretrained Transformerscited by 245
- 2024Who Validates the Validators? Aligning LLM-Assisted Evaluation of LLM Outputs with Human Preferencescited by 144
- 2024Can LLM be a Personalized Judge?cited by 100
- 2024LongLaMP: A Benchmark for Personalized Long-form Text Generationcited by 97
- 2024Large Language Models and Cognitive Science: A Comprehensive Review of Similarities, Differences, and Challengescited by 49
- 2025LaMP-QA: A Benchmark for Personalized Long-form Question Answeringcited by 31
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- 2025POPI: Personalizing LLMs via Optimized Natural Language Preference Inference
- 2026Re-Centering Humans in LLM Personalization
- 2026Rethinking Personalization in Large Language Models at the Token Level
- 2024On the Way to LLM Personalization: Learning to Remember User Conversations
- 2025Personalize Your LLM: Fake it then Align it
- 2025HyPerAlign: Interpretable Personalized LLM Alignment via Hypothesis Generation
- 2026LLM as a Meta-Judge: Synthetic Data for NLP Evaluation Metric Validation
- 2025Evaluating Personalized Tool-Augmented LLMs from the Perspectives of Personalization and Proactivity