GRID: Graph Representation of Intelligence Data for Security Text Knowledge Graph Construction
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Abstract (arXiv)
Security knowledge graphs can provide computable external memory for security agents, but constructing them from long-form cyber threat intelligence (CTI) remains difficult: LLMs often lack grounded security-domain knowledge, and end-to-end document-to-graph training is hard to supervise with cheap, stable rewards. We present GRID (Graph Representation of Intelligence Data), an end-to-end framework for security text knowledge graph construction. GRID first builds security-domain supervision from CTI articles by creating traceable article-graph alignments through graph extraction and knowledge-graph-conditioned text revision. It then turns document-to-graph learning into a scripted task bank combining four-option multi-select questions with triple-level regex matching targets, yielding more stable task-specific rewards than repeatedly scoring full graph outputs with an LLM judge. Using this supervision pipeline, we train two Qwen3-4B-Instruct-2507-based 4B extractors: a primary Task-bank Reward model and a secondary End2End Reward model with LLM-as-judge precision/recall rewards. On 249 CTI articles from GRID, CASIE, CTINexus, MalKG, and SecureNLP, the Task-bank Reward model with the ontology-guided GRID extraction pipeline reaches 84.62% source-averaged precision, 64.91% source-averaged recall, and 68.53% Avg F1, achieving the best source-averaged recall and near-top Avg F1 with lower token usage and deployment cost. The End2End Reward model reaches 76.91% precision, 53.85% recall, and 58.06% Avg F1. Further analyses show that task-bank rewards can be built once offline and reused across later post-training runs, outperforming online End2End LLM-as-judge reward and weaker alternatives such as Choice-only Reward and End2End SFT without RL.
Key facts. Cited by 1 paper in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 13 of its 59 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 15 May 2026.
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13 of 59 references.
References · 13
- 2024HybridFlow: A Flexible and Efficient RLHF Frameworkcited by 2,057
- 2025Mem0: Building Production-Ready AI Agents with Scalable Long-Term Memorycited by 779
- 2024G-Retriever: Retrieval-Augmented Generation for Textual Graph Understanding and Question Answeringcited by 223
- 2025Soft Adaptive Policy Optimizationcited by 96
- 2023A Bibliometric Review of Large Language Models Research from 2017 to 2023cited by 57
- 2021AttacKG: Constructing Technique Knowledge Graph from Cyber Threat Intelligence Reportscited by 31
- 2023CodeKGC: Code Language Model for Generative Knowledge Graph Constructioncited by 28
- 2019POIROT: Aligning Attack Behavior with Kernel Audit Records for Cyber Threat Huntingcited by 27
- 2025Primus: A Pioneering Collection of Open-Source Datasets for Cybersecurity LLM Trainingcited by 23
- 2021EXTRACTOR: Extracting Attack Behavior from Threat Reportscited by 19
- 2024CTINexus: Automatic Cyber Threat Intelligence Knowledge Graph Construction Using Large Language Modelscited by 14
- 2022KnowGL: Knowledge Generation and Linking from Textcited by 13
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- 2026Beyond RAG for Cyber Threat Intelligence: A Systematic Evaluation of Graph-Based and Agentic Retrieval
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- 2025AttackSeqBench: Benchmarking the Capabilities of LLMs for Attack Sequences Understanding
- 2026Reasoning Topology Matters: A Controlled Study of LLM-Based Cybersecurity Analysis
- 2025CTIConnect: A Benchmark for Retrieval-Augmented LLMs over Heterogeneous Cyber Threat Intelligence
- 2025TITAN: Graph-Executable Reasoning for Cyber Threat Intelligence
- 2026CTIFoundry: An Agent-Native Corpus Scaffold for Cyber Threat Intelligence