From Text to Voice: A Reproducible and Verifiable Framework for Evaluating Tool Calling LLM Agents
On the map: LLM agents and tool use → General LLM agent frameworks and benchmarks
Abstract (arXiv)
Voice agents increasingly require reliable tool use from speech, whereas prominent tool-calling benchmarks remain text-based. We study whether verified text benchmarks can be converted into controlled audio-based tool calling evaluations without re-annotating the tool schema and gold labels. Our dataset-agnostic framework uses text-to-speech, speaker variation, and environmental noise to create paired text-audio instances while preserving the original dataset annotations. Based on extensive evaluation of 7 omni-modal models on audio-converted versions of Confetti and When2Call, our framework demonstrates that the performance is strongly model- and task-dependent: Gemini-3.1-Flash-Live obtains the highest Confetti score (70.4), whereas GPT-Realtime-1.5 performs best on When2Call (71.9). On Confetti, the text-to-voice gap ranges from 1.8 points for Qwen3-Omni to 4.8 points for GPT-Realtime-1.5. A targeted analysis of failure cases demonstrates that degradations most often reflect misunderstandings of argument values in the speech. Considering real-world deployment scenarios, we further report text-only results, an ambiguity-based reformulation stress test, and a reference-free LLM-as-judge protocol validated against human preferences. Notably, we find that open-source Qwen3 judges with at least 8B parameters exceed 80% agreement with proprietary judges, supporting privacy-preserving evaluation. Overall, our framework provides a verifiable and reproducible first-stage diagnostic that complements purpose-built audio corpora.
Key facts. Cited by 4 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Placed in General LLM agent frameworks and benchmarks, one of 16 directions in LLM agents and tool use. Builds on 47 of its 61 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 14 May 2026.
Builds on
47 of 61 references.
Closest ancestors · 4
Same direction, newest first
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- 2024τ-bench: A Benchmark for Tool-Agent-User Interaction in Real-World Domains17 Jun
- 2023AI Coach Assist: An Automated Approach for Call Recommendation in Contact Centers for Agent Coaching28 May
Other references · 43
- 2025Qwen3 Technical Reportcited by 8,195
- 2023Efficient Memory Management for Large Language Model Serving with PagedAttentioncited by 5,767
- 2023Toolformer: Language Models Can Teach Themselves to Use Toolscited by 4,072
- 2022Robust Speech Recognition via Large-Scale Weak Supervisioncited by 3,972
- 2025Gemini 2.5: Pushing the Frontier with Advanced Reasoning, Multimodality, Long Context, and Next Generation Agentic Capabilitiescited by 3,655
- 2017Outrageously Large Neural Networks: The Sparsely-Gated Mixture-of-Experts Layercited by 3,413
- 2023ToolLLM: Facilitating Large Language Models to Master 16000+ Real-world APIscited by 1,880
- 2024A Survey on LLM-as-a-Judgecited by 1,384
- 2019Common Voice: A Massively-Multilingual Speech Corpuscited by 1,358
- 2023Gorilla: Large Language Model Connected with Massive APIscited by 1,302
- 2024MiniCPM-V: A GPT-4V Level MLLM on Your Phonecited by 1,061
- 2025Qwen2.5-Omni Technical Reportcited by 704
31 more
- 2023API-Bank: A Comprehensive Benchmark for Tool-Augmented LLMscited by 574
- 2025τ2-Bench: Evaluating Conversational Agents in a Dual-Control Environmentcited by 558
- 2025Phi-4-Mini Technical Report: Compact yet Powerful Multimodal Language Models via Mixture-of-LoRAscited by 491
- 2025Qwen3-Omni Technical Reportcited by 451
- 2023Augmented Language Models: a Surveycited by 398
- 2023ToolAlpaca: Generalized Tool Learning for Language Models with 3000 Simulated Casescited by 383
- 2019Clotho: An Audio Captioning Datasetcited by 354
- 2023Tool Learning with Foundation Modelscited by 302
- 2023AlignScore: Evaluating Factual Consistency with a Unified Alignment Functioncited by 284
- 2023ToRA: A Tool-Integrated Reasoning Agent for Mathematical Problem Solvingcited by 276
- 2024Tool Learning with Large Language Models: A Surveycited by 221
- 2024GLM-4-Voice: Towards Intelligent and Human-Like End-to-End Spoken Chatbotcited by 218
- 2025Kimi-Audio Technical Reportcited by 210
- 2024VoiceBench: Benchmarking LLM-Based Voice Assistantscited by 192
- 2021A Survey on Neural Speech Synthesiscited by 182
- 2023A Systematic Study and Comprehensive Evaluation of ChatGPT on Benchmark Datasetscited by 123
- 2023On the Tool Manipulation Capability of Open-source Large Language Modelscited by 122
- 2025MCP-Bench: Benchmarking Tool-Using LLM Agents with Complex Real-World Tasks via MCP Serverscited by 101
- 2023Dynamic-SUPERB: Towards A Dynamic, Collaborative, and Comprehensive Instruction-Tuning Benchmark for Speechcited by 99
- 2025MCP-Universe: Benchmarking Large Language Models with Real-World Model Context Protocol Serverscited by 89
- 2024A Systematic Survey and Critical Review on Evaluating Large Language Models: Challenges, Limitations, and Recommendationscited by 84
- 2024The T05 System for The VoiceMOS Challenge 2024: Transfer Learning from Deep Image Classifier to Naturalness MOS Prediction of High-Quality Synthetic Speechcited by 78
- 2023Generative Speech Recognition Error Correction with Large Language Models and Task-Activating Promptingcited by 71
- 2024A Survey on Speech Large Language Models for Understandingcited by 71
- 2025When2Call: When (not) to Call Toolscited by 36
- 2025MCP-AgentBench: Evaluating Real-World Language Agent Performance with MCP-Mediated Toolscited by 30
- 2024From Specific-MLLMs to Omni-MLLMs: A Survey on MLLMs Aligned with Multi-modalitiescited by 22
- 2025CONFETTI: Conversational Function-Calling Evaluation Through Turn-Level Interactionscited by 16
- 2024Query-OPT: Optimizing Inference of Large Language Models via Multi-Query Instructions in Meeting Summarizationcited by 9
- 2024NeKo: Cross-Modality Post-Recognition Error Correction with Tasks-Guided Mixture-of-Experts Language Modelcited by 7
- 2025AI Knowledge Assist: An Automated Approach for the Creation of Knowledge Bases for Conversational AI Agentscited by 4
Built on by
Citing papers per year: 2026: 4.
4 papers.
- 2026When Better Turns Do Not Make Better Agents: Diagnosing the Gap Between Next-Turn Metrics and Workflow Successcited by 1
- 2026SFT or RL for Tool-Calling Agents? A Controlled Study Across Data, Method, and Scalecited by 0
- 2026When Does Correction Become Repair? Mechanistic Auditing of Internal Interventions in Tool-Using LLMscited by 0
- 2026Talk2Agent: Benchmarking Voice Interfaces for Text Agentscited by 0
- 2026Talk2Agent: Benchmarking Voice Interfaces for Text Agents30 Sep 2026
- 2026When Does Correction Become Repair? Mechanistic Auditing of Internal Interventions in Tool-Using LLMs28 Sep 2026
- 2026When Better Turns Do Not Make Better Agents: Diagnosing the Gap Between Next-Turn Metrics and Workflow Success18 Sep 2026
- 2026SFT or RL for Tool-Calling Agents? A Controlled Study Across Data, Method, and Scale15 Sep 2026
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