OA-WAM: Object-Addressable World Action Model for Robust Robot Manipulation
On the map: World models → Embodied and robot world models
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Abstract (arXiv)
World Action Models (WAMs) enhance Vision-Language-Action policies by jointly predicting scene evolution and robot actions, but existing methods usually represent the predicted world as holistic images, video tokens, or global latents. These representations are difficult for an action decoder to address when an instruction refers to a particular object, especially under scene shifts where object identity is entangled with context. We propose OA-WAM, an Object-Addressable World Action Model for robust robot manipulation. OA-WAM decomposes each frame into N+1 slot states, with one robot slot and N object slots. Each slot contains a persistent address vector and a time-varying content vector, and is fused with text, image, proprioception, and past-action tokens in a block-causal sequence. A world head predicts next-frame slot states, while a flow-matching action head decodes a 16-step continuous action chunk in the same forward pass. Addressability is enforced by routing cross-slot attention through address-only keys and resetting the address slice at every transformer layer, separating which object to act on from what that object currently is without adding extra tokens. OA-WAM matches strong VLA and WAM baselines on LIBERO (97.8%) and SimplerEnv (79.3%), reaches state-of-the-art performance on the most relevant LIBERO-Plus geometric axes, and remains competitive on the seven-axis aggregate. A causal slot-intervention test yields a swap-binding cosine of 0.87, versus at most 0.09 for holistic baselines. These results suggest that addressable object states provide an effective interface for robust world-action modeling under scene perturbations.
Key facts. Cited by 28 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Placed in Embodied and robot world models, one of 11 directions in World models. Builds on 101 of its 102 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 7 May 2026.
Builds on
101 of 102 references.
Closest ancestors · 20
Same direction, newest first
- 2026Being-H0.7: A Latent World-Action Model from Egocentric Videos30 Apr
- 2026World Action Verifier: Self-Improving World Models via Forward-Inverse Asymmetry2 Apr
- 2026Do World Action Models Generalize Better than VLAs? A Robustness Study23 Mar
- 2026Fast-WAM: Do World Action Models Need Test-time Future Imagination?17 Mar
- 2026Chain of World: World Model Thinking in Latent Motion3 Mar
- 2026World Guidance: World Modeling in Condition Space for Action Generation25 Feb
- 2026AdaWorldPolicy: World-Model-Driven Diffusion Policy with Online Adaptive Learning for Robotic Manipulation23 Feb
- 2026World Action Models are Zero-shot Policies17 Feb
- 2026RISE: Self-Improving Robot Policy with Compositional World Model11 Feb
- 2026VLA-JEPA: Enhancing Vision-Language-Action Model with Latent World Model10 Feb
- 2026Causal World Modeling for Robot Control29 Jan
- 2025RynnVLA-002: A Unified Vision-Language-Action and World Model21 Nov
8 more
- 2025Goal-VLA: Image-Generative VLMs as Object-Centric World Models Empowering Zero-shot Robot Manipulation30 Jun
- 2025WorldVLA: Towards Autoregressive Action World Model26 Jun
- 2025ManipDreamer: Boosting Robotic Manipulation World Model with Action Tree and Visual Guidance23 Apr
- 2025Unified World Models: Coupling Video and Action Diffusion for Pretraining on Large Robotic Datasets3 Apr
- 2025Object-Centric World Model for Language-Guided Manipulation8 Mar
- 2024RoboDreamer: Learning Compositional World Models for Robot Imagination18 Apr
- 2023FOCUS: Object-Centric World Models for Robotics Manipulation5 Jul
- 2023Diffusion Policy: Visuomotor Policy Learning via Action Diffusion7 Mar
Other references · 81
- 2021Learning Transferable Visual Models From Natural Language Supervisioncited by 33,744
- 2019Exploring the Limits of Transfer Learning with a Unified Text-to-Text Transformercited by 14,599
- 2023Segment Anythingcited by 8,234
- 2023DINOv2: Learning Robust Visual Features without Supervisioncited by 7,974
- 2023Visual Instruction Tuningcited by 7,869
- 2021Emerging Properties in Self-Supervised Vision Transformerscited by 6,968
- 2022Flow Matching for Generative Modelingcited by 5,702
- 2023Sigmoid Loss for Language Image Pre-Trainingcited by 3,109
- 2023RT-2: Vision-Language-Action Models Transfer Web Knowledge to Robotic Controlcited by 3,080
- 2024OpenVLA: An Open-Source Vision-Language-Action Modelcited by 2,887
- 2024SAM 2: Segment Anything in Images and Videoscited by 2,863
- 2025Qwen3-VL Technical Reportcited by 2,793
38 more
- 2024π0: A Vision-Language-Action Flow Model for General Robot Controlcited by 2,407
- 2022RT-1: Robotics Transformer for Real-World Control at Scalecited by 2,061
- 2025π0.5: a Vision-Language-Action Model with Open-World Generalizationcited by 1,761
- 2023Learning Fine-Grained Bimanual Manipulation with Low-Cost Hardwarecited by 1,568
- 2025VGGT: Visual Geometry Grounded Transformercited by 1,539
- 2024Octo: An Open-Source Generalist Robot Policycited by 1,484
- 2025DINOv3cited by 1,414
- 2023LIBERO: Benchmarking Knowledge Transfer for Lifelong Robot Learningcited by 1,410
- 2023Mastering Diverse Domains through World Modelscited by 1,253
- 2018On the Continuity of Rotation Representations in Neural Networkscited by 1,214
- 2024Chameleon: Mixed-Modal Early-Fusion Foundation Modelscited by 927
- 2025SAM 3: Segment Anything with Conceptscited by 906
- 2025Fine-Tuning Vision-Language-Action Models: Optimizing Speed and Successcited by 883
- 2020Object-Centric Learning with Slot Attentioncited by 876
- 2023Open X-Embodiment: Robotic Learning Datasets and RT-X Modelscited by 862
- 2024DROID: A Large-Scale In-The-Wild Robot Manipulation Datasetcited by 852
- 2024RDT-1B: a Diffusion Foundation Model for Bimanual Manipulationcited by 691
- 2023BridgeData V2: A Dataset for Robot Learning at Scalecited by 657
- 2021CLIPort: What and Where Pathways for Robotic Manipulationcited by 622
- 2022Perceiver-Actor: A Multi-Task Transformer for Robotic Manipulationcited by 551
- 2025SmolVLA: A Vision-Language-Action Model for Affordable and Efficient Roboticscited by 530
- 2023Learning Universal Policies via Text-Guided Video Generationcited by 522
- 2025SpatialVLA: Exploring Spatial Representations for Visual-Language-Action Modelcited by 519
- 2023TD-MPC2: Scalable, Robust World Models for Continuous Controlcited by 512
- 2024Evaluating Real-World Robot Manipulation Policies in Simulationcited by 495
- 2025CoT-VLA: Visual Chain-of-Thought Reasoning for Vision-Language-Action Modelscited by 451
- 2023FoundationPose: Unified 6D Pose Estimation and Tracking of Novel Objectscited by 429
- 2024CogACT: A Foundational Vision-Language-Action Model for Synergizing Cognition and Action in Robotic Manipulationcited by 422
- 2022VIMA: General Robot Manipulation with Multimodal Promptscited by 407
- 2024RoboCasa: Large-Scale Simulation of Everyday Tasks for Generalist Robotscited by 407
- 2024Depth Pro: Sharp Monocular Metric Depth in Less Than a Secondcited by 404
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- 2019Multi-Object Representation Learning with Iterative Variational Inferencecited by 360
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- 2024What matters when building vision-language models?cited by 326
- 2025X-VLA: Soft-Prompted Transformer as Scalable Cross-Embodiment Vision-Language-Action Modelcited by 303
- 2025LIBERO-Plus: In-depth Robustness Analysis of Vision-Language-Action Modelscited by 303
- 2026Cosmos Policy: Fine-Tuning Video Models for Visuomotor Control and Planningcited by 300
50 most cited of 81 All 81 (JSON)
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Citing papers per year: 2026: 28.
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- 2026RepWAM: World Action Modeling with Representation Visual-Action Tokenizerscited by 13
- 2026ST-WAM: Semantic-Temporal World Action Model for Robust Manipulation under Visual Distribution Shiftscited by 11
- 2026SANTS: A State-Adaptive Scheduler for World Action Modelscited by 7
- 2026FutureNav: Unified World-Action Modeling for Vision-and-Language Navigationcited by 7
- 2026WorldScape Policy 2.0: Empowering Steerable World Action Modeling with Reasoning-Augmented Memory and In-Context Learningcited by 6
- 2026Don't Drop the BATON: Long-Horizon Robot Manipulation via Agentic Subtask Exploration and Transition-aware Memorycited by 5
- 2026BadWAM: When World-Action Models Dream Right but Act Wrongcited by 4
- 2026CheckVLA: Execution-Time Verification with Action-Conditioned World Model for Long-Horizon Mobile Manipulationcited by 4
- 2026GIFT: Guided Intermediate Feature Training via Action-Oriented Structural Supervision for Robotic Manipulationcited by 4
- 2026TacWAM: Anchor-Guided World Action Model with Mechanics-Aware Tactile Predictioncited by 3
- 2026SG-WAM: Text-Grounded and Spatial-aware Semantic Guidance for World-Action Modelscited by 3
- 2026StageWAM: Joint-Embedding Stage Prediction for World-Action Models in Robot Manipulationcited by 3
16 more
- 2026Bridge-WA: Predicting Where and How the World Changes for Robotic Actioncited by 2
- 2026DC-WAM: Dynamic-Centric Visual Supervision and Reasoning for World-Action Modelscited by 2
- 2026Selective Cross-View Consistency for World Action Models: Held-Out Viewpoint Robustness Without Test-Time Camera Informationcited by 2
- 2026Beyond Instance Slots: Semantically Rich World Models for Physical Interaction Planningcited by 2
- 2026DIDO: Distilling Interaction-Centric Dynamics into One-Step Denoising for World Action Modelscited by 2
- 2026HALO-WA: Hybrid-Attention Latent-Guided Online Reinforcement Learning for World-Action Modelscited by 1
- 2026UniMPA: A Unified Memory-Prediction-Action Model via Action-Grounded Transition Modelingcited by 1
- 2026DualManip: Agentic Dynamic Manipulation via Dual-Path Semantic Reasoning and Geometric Adaptationcited by 1
- 2026Disentangling Visuo-Tactile Foresight: Oracle-Guided Interface Discovery for World Action Modelscited by 0
- 2026PredVLA: Predictive Sensorimotor Modeling for Sub-Million-Parameter Robot Manipulationcited by 0
- 2026GeoLAM: Learning Geometry-Grounded Latent Actions from Unlabeled Human Videoscited by 0
- 2026Think Like a World Model, Act Like a VLA: Distilling World-Model Representations into Compact Robot Policiescited by 0
- 2026Revision, Not Restart: Revisable Visual Plans for Closed-Loop World-Action Modelscited by 0
- 2026Future Anchored Verification and Online Recovery for World Action Modelscited by 0
- 2026OpenWAM: An Open Framework for Composable World-Action Modelscited by 0
- 2026SmolWAM: A Latent World-Action Model for Robotic Manipulation on Edge Devicescited by 0
- 2026SmolWAM: A Latent World-Action Model for Robotic Manipulation on Edge Devices9 Oct 2026
- 2026OpenWAM: An Open Framework for Composable World-Action Models6 Oct 2026
- 2026Future Anchored Verification and Online Recovery for World Action Models5 Oct 2026
- 2026Revision, Not Restart: Revisable Visual Plans for Closed-Loop World-Action Models28 Sep 2026
- 2026DualManip: Agentic Dynamic Manipulation via Dual-Path Semantic Reasoning and Geometric Adaptation25 Sep 2026
- 2026Think Like a World Model, Act Like a VLA: Distilling World-Model Representations into Compact Robot Policies21 Sep 2026
- 2026GeoLAM: Learning Geometry-Grounded Latent Actions from Unlabeled Human Videos15 Sep 2026
- 2026DIDO: Distilling Interaction-Centric Dynamics into One-Step Denoising for World Action Models14 Sep 2026
- 2026UniMPA: A Unified Memory-Prediction-Action Model via Action-Grounded Transition Modeling10 Sep 2026
- 2026GIFT: Guided Intermediate Feature Training via Action-Oriented Structural Supervision for Robotic Manipulation3 Sep 2026
- 2026PredVLA: Predictive Sensorimotor Modeling for Sub-Million-Parameter Robot Manipulation27 Aug 2026
- 2026Beyond Instance Slots: Semantically Rich World Models for Physical Interaction Planning23 Aug 2026
16 more
- 2026Don't Drop the BATON: Long-Horizon Robot Manipulation via Agentic Subtask Exploration and Transition-aware Memory17 Aug 2026
- 2026StageWAM: Joint-Embedding Stage Prediction for World-Action Models in Robot Manipulation11 Aug 2026
- 2026SG-WAM: Text-Grounded and Spatial-aware Semantic Guidance for World-Action Models9 Aug 2026
- 2026Selective Cross-View Consistency for World Action Models: Held-Out Viewpoint Robustness Without Test-Time Camera Information7 Aug 2026
- 2026Disentangling Visuo-Tactile Foresight: Oracle-Guided Interface Discovery for World Action Models1 Aug 2026
- 2026ST-WAM: Semantic-Temporal World Action Model for Robust Manipulation under Visual Distribution Shifts31 Jul 2026
- 2026TacWAM: Anchor-Guided World Action Model with Mechanics-Aware Tactile Prediction30 Jul 2026
- 2026CheckVLA: Execution-Time Verification with Action-Conditioned World Model for Long-Horizon Mobile Manipulation29 Jul 2026
- 2026DC-WAM: Dynamic-Centric Visual Supervision and Reasoning for World-Action Models28 Jul 2026
- 2026WorldScape Policy 2.0: Empowering Steerable World Action Modeling with Reasoning-Augmented Memory and In-Context Learning21 Jul 2026
- 2026BadWAM: When World-Action Models Dream Right but Act Wrong16 Jul 2026
- 2026HALO-WA: Hybrid-Attention Latent-Guided Online Reinforcement Learning for World-Action Models5 Jul 2026
- 2026Bridge-WA: Predicting Where and How the World Changes for Robotic Action2 Jul 2026
- 2026FutureNav: Unified World-Action Modeling for Vision-and-Language Navigation29 Jun 2026
- 2026RepWAM: World Action Modeling with Representation Visual-Action Tokenizers11 Jun 2026
- 2026SANTS: A State-Adaptive Scheduler for World Action Models27 May 2026
- 2026RepWAM: World Action Modeling with Representation Visual-Action Tokenizerscited by 13
- 2026ST-WAM: Semantic-Temporal World Action Model for Robust Manipulation under Visual Distribution Shiftscited by 11
- 2026SANTS: A State-Adaptive Scheduler for World Action Modelscited by 7
- 2026FutureNav: Unified World-Action Modeling for Vision-and-Language Navigationcited by 7
- 2026WorldScape Policy 2.0: Empowering Steerable World Action Modeling with Reasoning-Augmented Memory and In-Context Learningcited by 6
- 2026BadWAM: When World-Action Models Dream Right but Act Wrongcited by 4
- 2026CheckVLA: Execution-Time Verification with Action-Conditioned World Model for Long-Horizon Mobile Manipulationcited by 4
- 2026GIFT: Guided Intermediate Feature Training via Action-Oriented Structural Supervision for Robotic Manipulationcited by 4
- 2026TacWAM: Anchor-Guided World Action Model with Mechanics-Aware Tactile Predictioncited by 3
- 2026SG-WAM: Text-Grounded and Spatial-aware Semantic Guidance for World-Action Modelscited by 3
- 2026StageWAM: Joint-Embedding Stage Prediction for World-Action Models in Robot Manipulationcited by 3
- 2026Bridge-WA: Predicting Where and How the World Changes for Robotic Actioncited by 2
12 most cited of 23 All 23 (JSON)
- 2026SmolWAM: A Latent World-Action Model for Robotic Manipulation on Edge Devices9 Oct 2026
- 2026OpenWAM: An Open Framework for Composable World-Action Models6 Oct 2026
- 2026Future Anchored Verification and Online Recovery for World Action Models5 Oct 2026
- 2026Revision, Not Restart: Revisable Visual Plans for Closed-Loop World-Action Models28 Sep 2026
- 2026Think Like a World Model, Act Like a VLA: Distilling World-Model Representations into Compact Robot Policies21 Sep 2026
- 2026DIDO: Distilling Interaction-Centric Dynamics into One-Step Denoising for World Action Models14 Sep 2026
- 2026GIFT: Guided Intermediate Feature Training via Action-Oriented Structural Supervision for Robotic Manipulation3 Sep 2026
- 2026Beyond Instance Slots: Semantically Rich World Models for Physical Interaction Planning23 Aug 2026
- 2026StageWAM: Joint-Embedding Stage Prediction for World-Action Models in Robot Manipulation11 Aug 2026
- 2026SG-WAM: Text-Grounded and Spatial-aware Semantic Guidance for World-Action Models9 Aug 2026
- 2026Selective Cross-View Consistency for World Action Models: Held-Out Viewpoint Robustness Without Test-Time Camera Information7 Aug 2026
- 2026Disentangling Visuo-Tactile Foresight: Oracle-Guided Interface Discovery for World Action Models1 Aug 2026
12 newest of 23 All 23 (JSON)
Similar, not cited
Close in wording, no citation either way
- 2026MemoryWAM: Efficient World Action Modeling with Persistent Memory
- 2026AR-WAM: A Visual-Conditioned Agent-Ready World Action Model for Robotic Manipulation
- 2026AWM-VLA: AlignedWorld Modeling for Efficient and Explainable Vision-Language-Action Policies
- 2026RM-WAM: Reliable Memory-Augmented World Action Models for Long-Horizon Robot Manipulation
- 2026ObjDream: Guiding Vision-Language-Action Models with Object-Level Understanding and Future State Prediction
- 2026World-Action Models for Robot Learning and Control: A Survey
- 2026PACT-WAM: Predicting Actions and Visual Foresight with Compact Temporal Encoding for Robot Manipulation
- 2026MaskWAM: Unifying Mask Prompting and Prediction for World-Action Models