X-PCR: A Benchmark for Cross-modality Progressive Clinical Reasoning in Ophthalmic Diagnosis
On the map: LLM reasoning → Clinical and biomedical applications
Abstract (arXiv)
Despite significant progress in Multi-modal Large Language Models (MLLMs), their clinical reasoning capacity for multi-modal diagnosis remains largely unexamined. Current benchmarks, mostly single-modality data, can't evaluate progressive reasoning and cross-modal integration essential for clinical practice. We introduce the Cross-Modality Progressive Clinical Reasoning (X-PCR) benchmark, the first comprehensive evaluation of MLLMs through a complete ophthalmology diagnostic workflow, with two reasoning tasks: 1) a six-stage progressive reasoning chain spanning image quality assessment to clinical decision-making, and 2) a cross-modality reasoning task integrating six imaging modalities. The benchmark comprises 26,415 images and 177,868 expert-verified VQA pairs curated from 51 public datasets, covering 52 ophthalmic diseases. Evaluation of 21 MLLMs reveals critical gaps in progressive reasoning and cross-modal integration. Dataset and code: https://github.com/CVI-SZU/X-PCR.
Key facts. No citing papers in the map yet (data through 14 Oct 2026). Placed in Clinical and biomedical applications, one of 17 directions in LLM reasoning. Builds on 18 of its 59 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 22 Apr 2026.
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18 of 59 references.
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- 2025EyePCR: A Comprehensive Benchmark for Fine-Grained Perception, Knowledge Comprehension and Clinical Reasoning in Ophthalmic Surgery19 Sep
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- 2025MedFrameQA: A Multi-Image Medical VQA Benchmark for Clinical Reasoning22 May
- 2024MedThink: Explaining Medical Visual Question Answering via Multimodal Decision-Making Rationale18 Apr
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