mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

Multilingual Training and Evaluation Resources for Vision-Language Models

arXiv 2604.18347 ↗First posted 20 Apr 2026cs.CL cs.AIcited by 0

On the map: Multimodal LLMs / vision-language models → VLM benchmarks and visual reasoning

Abstract (arXiv)

Vision Language Models (VLMs) achieved rapid progress in the recent years. However, despite their growth, VLMs development is heavily grounded on English, leading to two main limitations: (i) the lack of multilingual and multimodal datasets for training, and (ii) the scarcity of comprehensive evaluation benchmarks across languages. In this work, we address these gaps by introducing a new comprehensive suite of resources for VLMs training and evaluation spanning five European languages (English, French, German, Italian, and Spanish). We adopt a regeneration-translation paradigm that produces high-quality cross-lingual resources by combining curated synthetic generation and manual annotation. Specifically, we build Multi-PixMo, a training corpus obtained regenerating examples from Pixmo pre-existing datasets with permissively licensed models: PixMo-Cap, PixMo-AskModelAnything, and CoSyn-400k. On the evaluation side, we construct a set of multilingual benchmarks derived translating widely used English datasets (MMbench, ScienceQA, MME, POPE, AI2D). We assess the quality of these resources through qualitative and quantitative human analyses, measuring inter-annotator agreement. Additionally, we perform ablation studies to demonstrate the impact of multilingual data, with respect to English only, in VLMs training. Experiments, comprising 3 different models show that using multilingual, multimodal examples for training VLMs aids is consistently beneficial on non-English benchmarks, with positive transfer to English as well.

Key facts. No citing papers in the map yet (data through 7 Oct 2026). Placed in VLM benchmarks and visual reasoning, one of 16 directions in Multimodal LLMs / vision-language models. Builds on 28 of its 39 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 20 Apr 2026.

Builds on

28 of 39 references.

Closest ancestors · 3

Same direction, newest first

  1. 2024Molmo and PixMo: Open Weights and Open Data for State-of-the-Art Vision-Language Models25 Sep
  2. 2022Flamingo: a Visual Language Model for Few-Shot Learning29 Apr
  3. 2022BLIP: Bootstrapping Language-Image Pre-training for Unified Vision-Language Understanding and Generation28 Jan

Other references · 25

  1. 2021Learning Transferable Visual Models From Natural Language Supervisioncited by 33,456
  2. 2023GPT-4 Technical Reportcited by 18,132
  3. 2024The Llama 3 Herd of Modelscited by 14,192
  4. 2023Visual Instruction Tuningcited by 7,792
  5. 2019BERTScore: Evaluating Text Generation with BERTcited by 5,462
  6. 2019Unsupervised Cross-lingual Representation Learning at Scalecited by 3,907
  7. 2025Gemini 2.5: Pushing the Frontier with Advanced Reasoning, Multimodality, Long Context, and Next Generation Agentic Capabilitiescited by 3,655
  8. 2016Making the V in VQA Matter: Elevating the Role of Image Understanding in Visual Question Answeringcited by 2,498
  9. 2015VQA: Visual Question Answeringcited by 2,489
  10. 2023MMBench: Is Your Multi-modal Model an All-around Player?cited by 2,105
  11. 2022Learn to Explain: Multimodal Reasoning via Thought Chains for Science Question Answeringcited by 1,881
  12. 2019Towards VQA Models That Can Readcited by 1,696
13 more
  1. 2023Evaluating Object Hallucination in Large Vision-Language Modelscited by 1,696
  2. 2023MME: A Comprehensive Evaluation Benchmark for Multimodal Large Language Modelscited by 1,624
  3. 2022ChartQA: A Benchmark for Question Answering about Charts with Visual and Logical Reasoningcited by 1,449
  4. 2020DocVQA: A Dataset for VQA on Document Imagescited by 1,288
  5. 2016A Diagram Is Worth A Dozen Imagescited by 793
  6. 2024VLMEvalKit: An Open-Source Toolkit for Evaluating Large Multi-Modality Modelscited by 443
  7. 2023OBELICS: An Open Web-Scale Filtered Dataset of Interleaved Image-Text Documentscited by 316
  8. 2020Data and its (dis)contents: A survey of dataset development and use in machine learning researchcited by 259
  9. 2016Multi30K: Multilingual English-German Image Descriptionscited by 250
  10. 2020Large image datasets: A pyrrhic win for computer vision?cited by 237
  11. 2024MTVQA: Benchmarking Multilingual Text-Centric Visual Question Answeringcited by 93
  12. 2025Scaling Text-Rich Image Understanding via Code-Guided Synthetic Multimodal Data Generationcited by 54
  13. 2022The Forgotten Margins of AI Ethicscited by 30

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  2. 2025Multilingual VLM Training: Adapting an English-Trained VLM to French
  3. 2025Rethinking Multilingual Vision-Language Translation: Dataset, Evaluation, and Adaptation
  4. 2025TowerVision: Understanding and Improving Multilinguality in Vision-Language Models
  5. 2024Towards Cross-Lingual Explanation of Artwork in Large-scale Vision Language Models
  6. 2026Annotation-Efficient Vision-Language Model Adaptation to the Polish Language Using the LLaVA Framework
  7. 2024Constructing Multilingual Visual-Text Datasets Revealing Visual Multilingual Ability of Vision Language Models
  8. 2025Behind Maya: Building a Multilingual Vision Language Model