Reverse Constitutional AI: A Framework for Controllable Toxic Data Generation via Probability-Clamped RLAIF
On the map: LLM alignment / RLHF / preference optimisation → Safety alignment and jailbreak attacks
Abstract (arXiv)
Ensuring the safety of large language models (LLMs) requires robust red teaming, yet the systematic synthesis of high-quality toxic data remains under-explored. We propose Reverse Constitutional AI (R-CAI), a framework for automated and controllable adversarial data generation that moves beyond isolated jailbreak prompts. By inverting a harmless constitution into a constitution of toxicity and iteratively refining model outputs through a critique--revision pipeline, R-CAI enables scalable synthesis of multi-dimensional adversarial data without human annotation. Optimizing solely for toxicity-related rewards, however, can lead to reward hacking and degraded semantic coherence. To address this challenge, we introduce probability clamping within reinforcement learning from AI feedback, which stabilizes adversarial optimization while preserving adversarial intent. Experiments demonstrate that R-CAI generates diverse, high-quality toxic data and that probability clamping substantially improves semantic coherence (15%) without sacrificing adversarial strength. Overall, R-CAI provides a fully automated framework for red teaming data generation and systematic safety evaluation of aligned language models.
Key facts. Cited by 1 paper in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Placed in Safety alignment and jailbreak attacks, one of 10 directions in LLM alignment / RLHF / preference optimisation. Builds on 28 of its 34 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 20 Apr 2026.
Builds on
28 of 34 references.
Closest ancestors · 3
Same direction, newest first
- 2023Fine-tuning Aligned Language Models Compromises Safety, Even When Users Do Not Intend To!5 Oct
- 2023Baseline Defenses for Adversarial Attacks Against Aligned Language Models1 Sep
- 2023Universal and Transferable Adversarial Attacks on Aligned Language Models27 Jul
Other references · 25
- 2022Training language models to follow instructions with human feedbackcited by 15,971
- 2017Proximal Policy Optimization Algorithmscited by 15,215
- 2019Sentence-BERT: Sentence Embeddings using Siamese BERT-Networkscited by 9,170
- 2021On the Opportunities and Risks of Foundation Modelscited by 4,033
- 2023Self-Refine: Iterative Refinement with Self-Feedbackcited by 3,442
- 2019Fine-Tuning Language Models from Human Preferencescited by 2,150
- 2023Jailbroken: How Does LLM Safety Training Fail?cited by 1,651
- 2016Concrete Problems in AI Safetycited by 1,642
- 2023Jailbreaking Black Box Large Language Models in Twenty Queriescited by 1,420
- 2022Scaling Laws for Reward Model Overoptimizationcited by 1,095
- 2022Red Teaming Language Models with Language Modelscited by 1,026
- 2023Tree of Attacks: Jailbreaking Black-Box LLMs Automaticallycited by 672
13 more
- 2022Large Language Models Can Self-Improvecited by 664
- 2023RLAIF vs. RLHF: Scaling Reinforcement Learning from Human Feedback with AI Feedbackcited by 625
- 2024Sleeper Agents: Training Deceptive LLMs that Persist Through Safety Trainingcited by 529
- 2022Self-critiquing models for assisting human evaluatorscited by 380
- 2023MART: Improving LLM Safety with Multi-round Automatic Red-Teamingcited by 163
- 2018Categorizing Variants of Goodhart's Lawcited by 149
- 2020Evaluating the Evaluation of Diversity in Natural Language Generationcited by 129
- 2023Attack Prompt Generation for Red Teaming and Defending Large Language Modelscited by 76
- 2025MathSmith: Towards Extremely Hard Mathematical Reasoning by Forging Synthetic Problems with a Reinforced Policycited by 24
- 2020HABERTOR: An Efficient and Effective Deep Hatespeech Detectorcited by 14
- 2024Reward Difference Optimization For Sample Reweighting In Offline RLHFcited by 10
- 2021BERT-Beta: A Proactive Probabilistic Approach to Text Moderationcited by 6
- 2025More Data or Better Data? A Critical Analysis of Data Selection and Synthesis for Mathematical Reasoningcited by 4
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Citing papers per year: 2026: 1.
1 paper.
Similar, not cited
Close in wording, no citation either way
- 2025Benign-to-Toxic Jailbreaking: Inducing Harmful Responses from Harmless Prompts
- 2026STARE: Step-wise Temporal Alignment and Red-teaming Engine for Multi-modal Toxicity Attack
- 2024Red-Teaming Text-to-Image Models via In-Context Experience Replay and Semantic-Preserving Prompt Rewriting
- 2025GenBreak: Red Teaming Text-to-Image Generators Using Large Language Models
- 2023RLHFPoison: Reward Poisoning Attack for Reinforcement Learning with Human Feedback in Large Language Models
- 2026ARES: Adaptive Red-Teaming and End-to-End Repair of Policy-Reward System
- 2025Jailbreak-Zero: A Path to Pareto Optimal Red Teaming for Large Language Models
- 2025AutoRed: A Free-form Adversarial Prompt Generation Framework for Automated Red Teaming