HABERTOR: An Efficient and Effective Deep Hatespeech Detector
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Abstract (arXiv)
We present our HABERTOR model for detecting hatespeech in large scale user-generated content. Inspired by the recent success of the BERT model, we propose several modifications to BERT to enhance the performance on the downstream hatespeech classification task. HABERTOR inherits BERT's architecture, but is different in four aspects: (i) it generates its own vocabularies and is pre-trained from the scratch using the largest scale hatespeech dataset; (ii) it consists of Quaternion-based factorized components, resulting in a much smaller number of parameters, faster training and inferencing, as well as less memory usage; (iii) it uses our proposed multi-source ensemble heads with a pooling layer for separate input sources, to further enhance its effectiveness; and (iv) it uses a regularized adversarial training with our proposed fine-grained and adaptive noise magnitude to enhance its robustness. Through experiments on the large-scale real-world hatespeech dataset with 1.4M annotated comments, we show that HABERTOR works better than 15 state-of-the-art hatespeech detection methods, including fine-tuning Language Models. In particular, comparing with BERT, our HABERTOR is 4~5 times faster in the training/inferencing phase, uses less than 1/3 of the memory, and has better performance, even though we pre-train it by using less than 1% of the number of words. Our generalizability analysis shows that HABERTOR transfers well to other unseen hatespeech datasets and is a more efficient and effective alternative to BERT for the hatespeech classification.
Key facts. Cited by 14 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 17 Oct 2020.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 5; 2022: 0; 2023: 2; 2024: 4; 2025: 2; 2026: 1.
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- 2021Temporal Adaptation of BERT and Performance on Downstream Document Classification: Insights from Social Mediacited by 51
- 2021Character-level HyperNetworks for Hate Speech Detectioncited by 7
- 2024"Define Your Terms" : Enhancing Efficient Offensive Speech Classification with Definitioncited by 7
- 2024ToXCL: A Unified Framework for Toxic Speech Detection and Explanationcited by 7
- 2021BERT-Beta: A Proactive Probabilistic Approach to Text Moderationcited by 6
- 2021Leveraging Transformers for Hate Speech Detection in Conversational Code-Mixed Tweetscited by 3
- 2023Hate Speech and Offensive Content Detection in Indo-Aryan Languages: A Battle of LSTM and Transformerscited by 3
- 2021Not All Comments are Equal: Insights into Comment Moderation from a Topic-Aware Modelcited by 2
- 2024Deep Learning Approaches for Detecting Adversarial Cyberbullying and Hate Speech in Social Networkscited by 2
- 2023Neural Networks at a Fraction with Pruned Quaternionscited by 1
- 2026Reverse Constitutional AI: A Framework for Controllable Toxic Data Generation via Probability-Clamped RLAIFcited by 1
- 2024An Effective, Robust and Fairness-aware Hate Speech Detection Frameworkcited by 0
- 2026Reverse Constitutional AI: A Framework for Controllable Toxic Data Generation via Probability-Clamped RLAIF20 Apr 2026
- 2025RanAT4BIE: Random Adversarial Training for Biomedical Information Extraction14 Sep 2025
- 2025U-GIFT: Uncertainty-Guided Firewall for Toxic Speech in Few-Shot Scenario1 Jan 2025
- 2024An Effective, Robust and Fairness-aware Hate Speech Detection Framework25 Sep 2024
- 2024Deep Learning Approaches for Detecting Adversarial Cyberbullying and Hate Speech in Social Networks30 May 2024
- 2024ToXCL: A Unified Framework for Toxic Speech Detection and Explanation25 Mar 2024
- 2024"Define Your Terms" : Enhancing Efficient Offensive Speech Classification with Definition5 Feb 2024
- 2023Hate Speech and Offensive Content Detection in Indo-Aryan Languages: A Battle of LSTM and Transformers9 Dec 2023
- 2023Neural Networks at a Fraction with Pruned Quaternions13 Aug 2023
- 2021Leveraging Transformers for Hate Speech Detection in Conversational Code-Mixed Tweets18 Dec 2021
- 2021Character-level HyperNetworks for Hate Speech Detection11 Nov 2021
- 2021Not All Comments are Equal: Insights into Comment Moderation from a Topic-Aware Model21 Sep 2021
- 2021Temporal Adaptation of BERT and Performance on Downstream Document Classification: Insights from Social Mediacited by 51
- 2021Character-level HyperNetworks for Hate Speech Detectioncited by 7
- 2024"Define Your Terms" : Enhancing Efficient Offensive Speech Classification with Definitioncited by 7
- 2024ToXCL: A Unified Framework for Toxic Speech Detection and Explanationcited by 7
- 2021BERT-Beta: A Proactive Probabilistic Approach to Text Moderationcited by 6
- 2021Leveraging Transformers for Hate Speech Detection in Conversational Code-Mixed Tweetscited by 3
- 2023Hate Speech and Offensive Content Detection in Indo-Aryan Languages: A Battle of LSTM and Transformerscited by 3
- 2021Not All Comments are Equal: Insights into Comment Moderation from a Topic-Aware Modelcited by 2
- 2024Deep Learning Approaches for Detecting Adversarial Cyberbullying and Hate Speech in Social Networkscited by 2
- 2023Neural Networks at a Fraction with Pruned Quaternionscited by 1
- 2024An Effective, Robust and Fairness-aware Hate Speech Detection Frameworkcited by 0
- 2025U-GIFT: Uncertainty-Guided Firewall for Toxic Speech in Few-Shot Scenariocited by 0
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- 2025RanAT4BIE: Random Adversarial Training for Biomedical Information Extraction14 Sep 2025
- 2025U-GIFT: Uncertainty-Guided Firewall for Toxic Speech in Few-Shot Scenario1 Jan 2025
- 2024An Effective, Robust and Fairness-aware Hate Speech Detection Framework25 Sep 2024
- 2024Deep Learning Approaches for Detecting Adversarial Cyberbullying and Hate Speech in Social Networks30 May 2024
- 2024ToXCL: A Unified Framework for Toxic Speech Detection and Explanation25 Mar 2024
- 2024"Define Your Terms" : Enhancing Efficient Offensive Speech Classification with Definition5 Feb 2024
- 2023Hate Speech and Offensive Content Detection in Indo-Aryan Languages: A Battle of LSTM and Transformers9 Dec 2023
- 2023Neural Networks at a Fraction with Pruned Quaternions13 Aug 2023
- 2021Leveraging Transformers for Hate Speech Detection in Conversational Code-Mixed Tweets18 Dec 2021
- 2021Character-level HyperNetworks for Hate Speech Detection11 Nov 2021
- 2021Not All Comments are Equal: Insights into Comment Moderation from a Topic-Aware Model21 Sep 2021
- 2021BERT-Beta: A Proactive Probabilistic Approach to Text Moderation18 Sep 2021
12 newest of 13 All 13 (JSON)