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InfoChess: A Game of Adversarial Inference and a Laboratory for Quantifiable Information Control

arXiv 2604.15373 ↗First posted 15 Apr 2026cs.MA cs.AI cs.ITcited by 0

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Abstract (arXiv)

We propose InfoChess, a symmetric adversarial game that elevates competitive information acquisition to the primary objective. There is no piece capture, removing material incentives that would otherwise confound the role of information. Instead, pieces are used to alter visibility. Players are scored on their probabilistic inference of the opponent's king location over the duration of the game. To explore the space of strategies for playing InfoChess, we introduce a hierarchy of heuristic agents defined by increasing levels of opponent modeling, and train a reinforcement learning agent that outperforms these baselines. Leveraging the discrete structure of the game, we analyze gameplay through natural information-theoretic characterizations that include belief entropy, oracle cross entropy, and predictive log score under the action-induced observation channel. These measures disentangle epistemic uncertainty, calibration mismatch, and uncertainty induced by adversarial movement. The design of InfoChess renders it a testbed for studying multi-agent inference under partial observability. We release code for the environment and agents, and a public interface to encourage further study.

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References · 5

  1. 2019Dota 2 with Large Scale Deep Reinforcement Learningcited by 1,103
  2. 2019Emergent Tool Use From Multi-Agent Autocurriculacited by 313
  3. 2025General search techniques without common knowledge for imperfect-information games, and application to superhuman Fog of War chesscited by 6
  4. 2021An Approach to Partial Observability in Games: Learning to Both Act and Observecited by 1
  5. 2026Fog of War Chesscited by 1

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  3. 2026Can AI Agents Learn Their Way to the Top? Evaluating Heuristic Learning in a Long-Running Game Agent Competition
  4. 2026Beyond Bayesian Nash: Learning Minimax-Regret Equilibria for Adversarial Team Games under Asymmetric Information
  5. 2026Self-Play Reinforcement Learning under Imperfect Information in Big 2
  6. 2026Auditing Belief-Conditioned LLM Agents in Hidden-Information Social Deduction Games
  7. 2026What Information Buys in Active Inference
  8. 2026Differentiable Belief-based Opponent Shaping