The Universal Normal Embedding
On the map: Diffusion models → Diffusion foundations and sampling
Abstract (arXiv)
Generative models and vision encoders have largely advanced on separate tracks, optimized for different goals and grounded in different mathematical principles. Yet, they share a fundamental property: latent space Gaussianity. Generative models map Gaussian noise to images, while encoders map images to semantic embeddings whose coordinates empirically behave as Gaussian. We hypothesize that both are views of a shared latent source, the Universal Normal Embedding (UNE): an approximately Gaussian latent space from which encoder embeddings and DDIM-inverted noise arise as noisy linear projections. To test our hypothesis, we introduce NoiseZoo, a dataset of per-image latents comprising DDIM-inverted diffusion noise and matching encoder representations (CLIP, DINO). On CelebA, linear probes in both spaces yield strong, aligned attribute predictions, indicating that generative noise encodes meaningful semantics along linear directions. These directions further enable faithful, controllable edits (e.g., smile, gender, age) without architectural changes, where simple orthogonalization mitigates spurious entanglements. Taken together, our results provide empirical support for the UNE hypothesis and reveal a shared Gaussian-like latent geometry that concretely links encoding and generation. Code and data are available https://rbetser.github.io/UNE/
Key facts. Cited by 3 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Placed in Diffusion foundations and sampling, one of 14 directions in Diffusion models. Builds on 49 of its 72 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 23 Mar 2026.
Builds on
49 of 72 references.
Closest ancestors · 10
Same direction, newest first
- 2025CCS: Controllable and Constrained Sampling with Diffusion Models via Initial Noise Perturbation7 Feb
- 2025Exploring the latent space of diffusion models directly through singular value decomposition4 Feb
- 2023NoiseCLR: A Contrastive Learning Approach for Unsupervised Discovery of Interpretable Directions in Diffusion Models8 Dec
- 2023Latent Consistency Models: Synthesizing High-Resolution Images with Few-Step Inference6 Oct
- 2023SDXL: Improving Latent Diffusion Models for High-Resolution Image Synthesis4 Jul
- 2023Discovering Interpretable Directions in the Semantic Latent Space of Diffusion Models20 Mar
- 2022Diffusion Models already have a Semantic Latent Space20 Oct
- 2021High-Resolution Image Synthesis with Latent Diffusion Models20 Dec
- 2020Denoising Diffusion Implicit Models6 Oct
- 2020Denoising Diffusion Probabilistic Models19 Jun
Other references · 39
- 2021Learning Transferable Visual Models From Natural Language Supervisioncited by 33,744
- 2020A Simple Framework for Contrastive Learning of Visual Representationscited by 12,049
- 2023Visual Instruction Tuningcited by 7,869
- 2021Emerging Properties in Self-Supervised Vision Transformerscited by 6,968
- 2022Hierarchical Text-Conditional Image Generation with CLIP Latentscited by 6,585
- 2024Qwen2-VL: Enhancing Vision-Language Model's Perception of the World at Any Resolutioncited by 4,234
- 2014Deep Learning Face Attributes in the Wildcited by 3,693
- 2022Prompt-to-Prompt Image Editing with Cross Attention Controlcited by 2,431
- 2015Variational Inference with Normalizing Flowscited by 2,170
- 2021Barlow Twins: Self-Supervised Learning via Redundancy Reductioncited by 1,838
- 2019Similarity of Neural Network Representations Revisitedcited by 1,755
- 2020Understanding Contrastive Representation Learning through Alignment and Uniformity on the Hyperspherecited by 1,405
27 more
- 2022Null-text Inversion for Editing Real Images using Guided Diffusion Modelscited by 1,179
- 2019StarGAN v2: Diverse Image Synthesis for Multiple Domainscited by 1,098
- 2021StyleCLIP: Text-Driven Manipulation of StyleGAN Imagerycited by 991
- 2021Blended Diffusion for Text-driven Editing of Natural Imagescited by 927
- 2020Prevalence of Neural Collapse during the terminal phase of deep learning trainingcited by 719
- 2019Interpreting the Latent Space of GANs for Semantic Face Editingcited by 695
- 2020GANSpace: Discovering Interpretable GAN Controlscited by 614
- 2022Mind the Gap: Understanding the Modality Gap in Multi-modal Contrastive Representation Learningcited by 561
- 2024The Platonic Representation Hypothesiscited by 382
- 2020Whitening for Self-Supervised Representation Learningcited by 279
- 2025LeJEPA: Provable and Scalable Self-Supervised Learning Without the Heuristicscited by 254
- 2021Contrastive Learning Inverts the Data Generating Processcited by 221
- 2021Revisiting Model Stitching to Compare Neural Representationscited by 209
- 2022Linearly Mapping from Image to Text Spacecited by 142
- 2023Identifiability Results for Multimodal Contrastive Learningcited by 61
- 2025Harnessing the Universal Geometry of Embeddingscited by 55
- 2023Latent Space Translation via Semantic Alignmentcited by 52
- 2024The Double-Ellipsoid Geometry of CLIPcited by 42
- 2024Cross-Entropy Is All You Need To Invert the Data Generating Processcited by 31
- 2024Explaining and Mitigating the Modality Gap in Contrastive Multimodal Learningcited by 26
- 2025Whitened CLIP as a Likelihood Surrogate of Images and Captionscited by 16
- 2026InfoNCE Induces Gaussian Distributioncited by 16
- 2025Gaussian Embeddings: How JEPAs Secretly Learn Your Data Densitycited by 13
- 2022Comparing the latent space of generative modelscited by 12
- 2026Training-free Detection of Generated Videos via Spatial-Temporal Likelihoodscited by 8
- 2025General and Domain-Specific Zero-shot Detection of Generated Images via Conditional Likelihoodcited by 5
- 2024All Roads Lead to Rome? Exploring Representational Similarities Between Latent Spaces of Generative Image Modelscited by 2
Built on by
Citing papers per year: 2026: 3.
3 papers.
- 2026Back into Plato's Cave: Examining Cross-modal Representational Convergence at Scalecited by 16
- 2026The Wittgensteinian Representation Hypothesis: Is Language the Attractor of Multimodal Convergence?cited by 0
- 2026Whitening Inverts the Hierarchy: What the Norm of a Whitened Embedding Measurescited by 0
- 2026Whitening Inverts the Hierarchy: What the Norm of a Whitened Embedding Measures19 Sep 2026
- 2026The Wittgensteinian Representation Hypothesis: Is Language the Attractor of Multimodal Convergence?10 May 2026
- 2026Back into Plato's Cave: Examining Cross-modal Representational Convergence at Scale20 Apr 2026
Similar, not cited
Close in wording, no citation either way
- 2025Both Semantics and Reconstruction Matter: Making Representation Encoders Ready for Text-to-Image Generation and Editing
- 2026Your CLIP has 164 dimensions of noise: Exploring the embeddings covariance eigenspectrum of contrastively pretrained vision-language transformers
- 2025Exploring Representation-Aligned Latent Space for Better Generation
- 2025Representation Entanglement for Generation: Training Diffusion Transformers Is Much Easier Than You Think
- 2026InstantFusion: A Shared Latent Interface for Heterogeneous Image Generators
- 2023Exposing flaws of generative model evaluation metrics and their unfair treatment of diffusion models
- 2022Image Embedding for Denoising Generative Models
- 2026End-to-End Training for Unified Tokenization and Latent Denoising