mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

General Agent Evaluation

arXiv 2602.22953 ↗First posted 26 Feb 2026cs.AIcited by 13

On the map: LLM agents and tool use → General LLM agent frameworks and benchmarks

Abstract (arXiv)

General-purpose agents perform tasks in unfamiliar environments without domain-specific manual customization. Yet no study has systematically measured how agent architecture shapes performance across heterogeneous protocols and diverse unfamiliar environments. This is the first systematic study, comparing tool-calling, MCP, code-generation, and CLI agents on the same benchmarks with the same models. Two gaps blocked such a study: existing harnesses require per-benchmark wiring or fixed protocol classes (web for BrowserGym, CLI for Harbor), and benchmarks themselves expect human-authored prompts, context, and integration glue. To enable this study, we contribute (1) a unifying protocol that bridges existing benchmark and agent protocols; (2) an evaluation harness that surfaces any benchmark to any general-purpose agent and backbone model; and (3) the first Open General Agent Leaderboard of agent configurations, a full factorial over 5 agent architectures x 5 backbone LLMs (three closed-source, two open-weight) x 6 benchmarks spanning software engineering, customer service, deep research, and personal assistance. We find that (i) general agents adapt to every tested domain without per-domain customization; (ii) agent architecture choice swings results by up to 12pp within a single model, yet backbone model choice dominates overall performance; (iii) on 4 of 6 tested benchmarks, top general agents are indistinguishable from the leading heavily-customized domain-specific agents; (iv) open-weight models tested exhibit "generality sinks" absent from frontier closed-source models: they consistently collapse on specific agent architectures or benchmarks; (v) a behavioral failure analysis reveals architecture-distinctive error signatures that aggregate scoring cannot discriminate. Code, harness, leaderboard, and traces are at https://www.exgentic.ai.

Key facts. Cited by 13 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Placed in General LLM agent frameworks and benchmarks, one of 16 directions in LLM agents and tool use. Builds on 22 of its 46 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 26 Feb 2026.

Builds on

22 of 46 references.

Closest ancestors · 4

Same direction, newest first

  1. 2025Holistic Agent Leaderboard: The Missing Infrastructure for AI Agent Evaluation13 Oct
  2. 2025Survey on Evaluation of LLM-based Agents20 Mar
  3. 2024τ-bench: A Benchmark for Tool-Agent-User Interaction in Real-World Domains17 Jun
  4. 2023AgentBench: Evaluating LLMs as Agents7 Aug

Other references · 18

  1. 2022ReAct: Synergizing Reasoning and Acting in Language Modelscited by 8,355
  2. 2023SWE-bench: Can Language Models Resolve Real-World GitHub Issues?cited by 3,193
  3. 2023WebArena: A Realistic Web Environment for Building Autonomous Agentscited by 1,908
  4. 2024SWE-agent: Agent-Computer Interfaces Enable Automated Software Engineeringcited by 1,628
  5. 2023Mind2Web: Towards a Generalist Agent for the Webcited by 1,210
  6. 2025Qwen3 Embedding: Advancing Text Embedding and Reranking Through Foundation Modelscited by 1,175
  7. 2024OSWorld: Benchmarking Multimodal Agents for Open-Ended Tasks in Real Computer Environmentscited by 1,134
  8. 2023GAIA: a benchmark for General AI Assistantscited by 1,084
  9. 2023Quantifying Language Models' Sensitivity to Spurious Features in Prompt Design or: How I learned to start worrying about prompt formattingcited by 778
  10. 2025DeepSeek-V3.2: Pushing the Frontier of Open Large Language Modelscited by 755
  11. 2026Terminal-Bench: Benchmarking Agents on Hard, Realistic Tasks in Command Line Interfacescited by 515
  12. 2024AutoCodeRover: Autonomous Program Improvementcited by 272
6 more
  1. 2024AI Agents That Mattercited by 199
  2. 2025BrowseComp-Plus: A More Fair and Transparent Evaluation Benchmark of Deep-Research Agentcited by 183
  3. 2023Efficient Benchmarking of Language Modelscited by 71
  4. 2025AstaBench: Rigorous Benchmarking of AI Agents with a Scientific Research Suitecited by 45
  5. 2025Towards Enterprise-Ready Computer Using Generalist Agentcited by 31
  6. 2026ErrorMap and ErrorAtlas: Charting the Failure Landscape of Large Language Modelscited by 6

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Cited by year (2026 to 7 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2026: 13.

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  1. 2026Benchmark Test-Time Scaling of General LLM Agents
  2. 2026AgentCompass: A Unified Evaluation Infrastructure for Agent Capabilities
  3. 2025A Comprehensive Empirical Evaluation of Agent Frameworks on Code-centric Software Engineering Tasks
  4. 2026Reliable and Developer-Aligned Evaluation of Agents for Software Engineering
  5. 2026"LLM Agent Performance" Is Not a Single Evaluation Target
  6. 2024Windows Agent Arena: Evaluating Multi-Modal OS Agents at Scale
  7. 2026CocoaBench: Evaluating Unified Digital Agents in the Wild
  8. 2026Do More Agents Help? Controlled and Protocol-Aligned Evaluation of LLM Agent Workflows