Beyond single-channel agentic benchmarking
On the map: LLM agents and tool use → Agent threats, guardrails and governance
Abstract (arXiv)
Contemporary benchmarks for agentic artificial intelligence (AI) frequently evaluate safety through isolated task-level accuracy thresholds, implicitly treating autonomous systems as single points of failure. This single-channel paradigm diverges from established principles in safety-critical engineering, where risk mitigation is achieved through redundancy, diversity of error modes, and joint system reliability. This paper argues that evaluating AI agents in isolation systematically mischaracterizes their operational safety when deployed within human-in-the-loop environments. Using a recent laboratory safety benchmark as a case study demonstrates that even imperfect AI systems can nonetheless provide substantial safety utility by functioning as redundant audit layers against well-documented sources of human failure, including vigilance decrement, inattentional blindness, and normalization of deviance. This perspective reframes agentic safety evaluation around the reliability of the human-AI dyad rather than absolute agent accuracy, with a particular emphasis on uncorrelated error modes as the primary determinant of risk reduction. Such a shift aligns AI benchmarking with established practices in other safety-critical domains and offers a path toward more ecologically valid safety assessments.
Key facts. No citing papers in the map yet (data through 7 Oct 2026). Placed in Agent threats, guardrails and governance, one of 16 directions in LLM agents and tool use. Builds on 10 of its 21 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 5 Feb 2026.
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10 of 21 references.
References · 10
- 2020Effect of Confidence and Explanation on Accuracy and Trust Calibration in AI-Assisted Decision Makingcited by 281
- 2025Emergent Misalignment: Narrow finetuning can produce broadly misaligned LLMscited by 158
- 2024When combinations of humans and AI are useful: A systematic review and meta-analysiscited by 100
- 2024Safetywashing: Do AI Safety Benchmarks Actually Measure Safety Progress?cited by 56
- 2018Towards Accountable AI: Hybrid Human-Machine Analyses for Characterizing System Failurecited by 49
- 2021Principles of Explanation in Human-AI Systemscited by 25
- 2024LabSafety Bench: Benchmarking LLMs on Safety Issues in Scientific Labscited by 24
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- 2023Towards Effective Human-AI Decision-Making: The Role of Human Learning in Appropriate Reliance on AI Advicecited by 8
- 2025Trust in AI emerges from distrust in humans: A machine learning study on decision-making guidancecited by 1
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- 2026Taxonomy and Consistency Analysis of Safety Benchmarks for AI Agents
- 2026Agentic Safety is an Epistemic Property, Not a Behavioral One
- 2026The safety failures we are not instrumenting: a perspective on hidden safety-critical challenges in modern AI systems
- 2025A Safety and Security Framework for Real-World Agentic Systems
- 2024Safeguarding AI Agents: Developing and Analyzing Safety Architectures
- 2025Evaluating LLM Agent Adherence to Hierarchical Safety Principles: A Lightweight Benchmark for Probing Foundational Controllability Components
- 2025Perspectives on a Reliability Monitoring Framework for Agentic AI Systems
- 2025AGENTSAFE: Benchmarking the Safety of Embodied Agents on Hazardous Instructions