jina-embeddings-v5-text: Task-Targeted Embedding Distillation
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Abstract (arXiv)
Text embedding models are widely used for semantic similarity tasks, including information retrieval, clustering, and classification. General-purpose models are typically trained with single- or multi-stage processes using contrastive loss functions. We introduce a novel training regimen that combines model distillation techniques with task-specific contrastive loss to produce compact, high-performance embedding models. Our findings suggest that this approach is more effective for training small models than purely contrastive or distillation-based training paradigms alone. Benchmark scores for the resulting models, jina-embeddings-v5-text-small and jina-embeddings-v5-text-nano, exceed or match the state-of-the-art for models of similar size. jina-embeddings-v5-text models additionally support long texts (up to 32k tokens) in many languages, and generate embeddings that remain robust under truncation and binary quantization. Model weights are publicly available, hopefully inspiring further advances in embedding model development.
Key facts. Cited by 19 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 36 of its 48 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 17 Feb 2026.
Builds on
36 of 48 references.
References · 36
- 2019Sentence-BERT: Sentence Embeddings using Siamese BERT-Networkscited by 9,049
- 2025Qwen3 Technical Reportcited by 8,195
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- 2023Efficient Memory Management for Large Language Model Serving with PagedAttentioncited by 5,767
- 2021RoFormer: Enhanced Transformer with Rotary Position Embeddingcited by 4,581
- 2019DistilBERT, a distilled version of BERT: smaller, faster, cheaper and lightercited by 4,243
- 2020Dense Passage Retrieval for Open-Domain Question Answeringcited by 3,779
- 2020MiniLM: Deep Self-Attention Distillation for Task-Agnostic Compression of Pre-Trained Transformerscited by 1,414
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- 2025Qwen3 Embedding: Advancing Text Embedding and Reranking Through Foundation Modelscited by 1,175
- 2019TinyBERT: Distilling BERT for Natural Language Understandingcited by 1,153
- 2024M3-Embedding: Multi-Linguality, Multi-Functionality, Multi-Granularity Text Embeddings Through Self-Knowledge Distillationcited by 1,050
24 more
- 2019Relational Knowledge Distillationcited by 873
- 2022MTEB: Massive Text Embedding Benchmarkcited by 623
- 2024Multilingual E5 Text Embeddings: A Technical Reportcited by 357
- 2022One Embedder, Any Task: Instruction-Finetuned Text Embeddingscited by 329
- 2022Matryoshka Representation Learningcited by 268
- 2024mGTE: Generalized Long-Context Text Representation and Reranking Models for Multilingual Text Retrievalcited by 233
- 2020Improving Efficient Neural Ranking Models with Cross-Architecture Knowledge Distillationcited by 143
- 2023Scaling Laws of RoPE-based Extrapolationcited by 124
- 2025MMTEB: Massive Multilingual Text Embedding Benchmarkcited by 120
- 2024MagicLens: Self-Supervised Image Retrieval with Open-Ended Instructionscited by 119
- 2024Jasper and Stella: distillation of SOTA embedding modelscited by 109
- 2025jina-embeddings-v4: Universal Embeddings for Multimodal Multilingual Retrievalcited by 72
- 2024Arctic-Embed 2.0: Multilingual Retrieval Without Compromisecited by 57
- 2024LongEmbed: Extending Embedding Models for Long Context Retrievalcited by 47
- 2025KaLM-Embedding-V2: Superior Training Techniques and Data Inspire A Versatile Embedding Modelcited by 35
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- 2024Translate-Distill: Learning Cross-Language Dense Retrieval by Translation and Distillationcited by 22
- 2024Multi-Task Contrastive Learning for 8192-Token Bilingual Text Embeddingscited by 20
- 2023EmbedDistill: A Geometric Knowledge Distillation for Information Retrievalcited by 11
- 2020Simplified TinyBERT: Knowledge Distillation for Document Retrievalcited by 10
- 2025Jasper-Token-Compression-600M Technical Reportcited by 5
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- 2025Learning Task-Agnostic Representations through Multi-Teacher Distillationcited by 2
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Citing papers per year: 2026: 19.
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- 2026SkillRet: A Large-Scale Benchmark for Skill Retrieval in LLM Agentscited by 37
- 2026Revisiting Text Ranking in Deep Researchcited by 7
- 2026LMEB: Long-horizon Memory Embedding Benchmarkcited by 6
- 2026jina-embeddings-v5-omni: Geometry-preserving Embeddings via Locked Aligned Towerscited by 4
- 2026Low-Cost Black-Box Detection of LLM Hallucinations via Dynamical System Predictioncited by 3
- 2026Generating Pretraining Tokens from Organic Data for Data-Bound Scalingcited by 2
- 2026SkillReason: Reasoning-Enhanced Agent Skill Retrieval for Implicit User Requestscited by 2
- 2026MVEB: Massive Video Embedding Benchmarkcited by 1
- 2026LatentRAG: Latent Reasoning and Retrieval for Efficient Agentic RAGcited by 0
- 2026Test-Time Compute for Frozen Embedding Models through Agentic Program Searchcited by 0
- 2026To MRL or not to MRL: Text Embeddings are Robust to Truncation Without Matryoshka Learning, Except In Heavy Truncation Scenarioscited by 0
- 2026Iterate Until Retrieved: Factual Nugget Optimization for Discoverable Continual Corrections in Agentic RAGcited by 0
7 more
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- 2026KaLM-Reranker-V1: Fast but Not Late Interaction for Compressed Document Rerankingcited by 0
- 2026SABER-Math: Automated Benchmark for Information Retrieval Evaluation in Mathematicscited by 0
- 2026MTEB-BR: A Text Embedding Benchmark for Brazilian Portuguesecited by 0
- 2026Eigenvalue Calibration for Semantic Embeddings of Large Language Modelscited by 0
- 2026Giga-Embeddings: Mixture-of-Experts Encoders for High-Throughput Text Embeddingscited by 0
- 2026Giga-Embeddings: Mixture-of-Experts Encoders for High-Throughput Text Embeddings24 Aug 2026
- 2026SkillReason: Reasoning-Enhanced Agent Skill Retrieval for Implicit User Requests9 Aug 2026
- 2026Eigenvalue Calibration for Semantic Embeddings of Large Language Models9 Jul 2026
- 2026MTEB-BR: A Text Embedding Benchmark for Brazilian Portuguese6 Jul 2026
- 2026SABER-Math: Automated Benchmark for Information Retrieval Evaluation in Mathematics29 Jun 2026
- 2026KaLM-Reranker-V1: Fast but Not Late Interaction for Compressed Document Reranking22 Jun 2026
- 2026HAKARI-Bench: A Lightweight Benchmark for Comparing Retrieval Architectures and Efficiency Settings under Unified Conditions22 Jun 2026
- 2026MVEB: Massive Video Embedding Benchmark12 Jun 2026
- 2026SEA-LION-Embedding: Open and Reproducible Text Embeddings for Southeast Asia2 Jun 2026
- 2026Iterate Until Retrieved: Factual Nugget Optimization for Discoverable Continual Corrections in Agentic RAG25 May 2026
- 2026Generating Pretraining Tokens from Organic Data for Data-Bound Scaling18 May 2026
- 2026To MRL or not to MRL: Text Embeddings are Robust to Truncation Without Matryoshka Learning, Except In Heavy Truncation Scenarios15 May 2026
7 more
- 2026Test-Time Compute for Frozen Embedding Models through Agentic Program Search12 May 2026
- 2026jina-embeddings-v5-omni: Geometry-preserving Embeddings via Locked Aligned Towers8 May 2026
- 2026LatentRAG: Latent Reasoning and Retrieval for Efficient Agentic RAG7 May 2026
- 2026SkillRet: A Large-Scale Benchmark for Skill Retrieval in LLM Agents7 May 2026
- 2026Low-Cost Black-Box Detection of LLM Hallucinations via Dynamical System Prediction6 May 2026
- 2026LMEB: Long-horizon Memory Embedding Benchmark13 Mar 2026
- 2026Revisiting Text Ranking in Deep Research25 Feb 2026
- 2026Revisiting Text Ranking in Deep Researchcited by 7
- 2026LMEB: Long-horizon Memory Embedding Benchmarkcited by 6
- 2026jina-embeddings-v5-omni: Geometry-preserving Embeddings via Locked Aligned Towerscited by 4
- 2026Low-Cost Black-Box Detection of LLM Hallucinations via Dynamical System Predictioncited by 3
- 2026Generating Pretraining Tokens from Organic Data for Data-Bound Scalingcited by 2
- 2026MVEB: Massive Video Embedding Benchmarkcited by 1
- 2026To MRL or not to MRL: Text Embeddings are Robust to Truncation Without Matryoshka Learning, Except In Heavy Truncation Scenarioscited by 0
- 2026SEA-LION-Embedding: Open and Reproducible Text Embeddings for Southeast Asiacited by 0
- 2026KaLM-Reranker-V1: Fast but Not Late Interaction for Compressed Document Rerankingcited by 0
- 2026MTEB-BR: A Text Embedding Benchmark for Brazilian Portuguesecited by 0
- 2026Eigenvalue Calibration for Semantic Embeddings of Large Language Modelscited by 0
- 2026Eigenvalue Calibration for Semantic Embeddings of Large Language Models9 Jul 2026
- 2026MTEB-BR: A Text Embedding Benchmark for Brazilian Portuguese6 Jul 2026
- 2026KaLM-Reranker-V1: Fast but Not Late Interaction for Compressed Document Reranking22 Jun 2026
- 2026MVEB: Massive Video Embedding Benchmark12 Jun 2026
- 2026SEA-LION-Embedding: Open and Reproducible Text Embeddings for Southeast Asia2 Jun 2026
- 2026Generating Pretraining Tokens from Organic Data for Data-Bound Scaling18 May 2026
- 2026To MRL or not to MRL: Text Embeddings are Robust to Truncation Without Matryoshka Learning, Except In Heavy Truncation Scenarios15 May 2026
- 2026jina-embeddings-v5-omni: Geometry-preserving Embeddings via Locked Aligned Towers8 May 2026
- 2026Low-Cost Black-Box Detection of LLM Hallucinations via Dynamical System Prediction6 May 2026
- 2026LMEB: Long-horizon Memory Embedding Benchmark13 Mar 2026
- 2026Revisiting Text Ranking in Deep Research25 Feb 2026