mlsanityData to 14 Oct 2026

Semi-Supervised Hierarchical Open-Set Classification

arXiv 2601.16541 ↗First posted 23 Jan 2026cs.CV cs.LGcited by 1

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Abstract (arXiv)

Hierarchical open-set classification handles previously unseen classes by assigning them to the most appropriate high-level category in a class taxonomy. We extend this paradigm to the semi-supervised setting, enabling the use of large-scale, uncurated datasets containing a mixture of known and unknown classes to improve the hierarchical open-set performance. To this end, we propose a teacher-student framework based on pseudo-labeling. Two key components are introduced: 1) subtree pseudo-labels, which provide reliable supervision in the presence of unknown data, and 2) age-gating, a mechanism that mitigates overconfidence in pseudo-labels. Experiments show that our framework outperforms self-supervised pretraining followed by supervised adaptation, and even matches the fully supervised counterpart when using only 20 labeled samples per class on the iNaturalist19 benchmark. Our code is available at https://github.com/walline/semihoc.

Key facts. Cited by 1 paper in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 26 of its 38 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 23 Jan 2026.

Builds on

26 of 38 references.

References · 26

  1. 2014ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challengecited by 8,498
  2. 2023DINOv2: Learning Robust Visual Features without Supervisioncited by 7,974
  3. 2016A Baseline for Detecting Misclassified and Out-of-Distribution Examples in Neural Networkscited by 2,385
  4. 2020FixMatch: Simplifying Semi-Supervised Learning with Consistency and Confidencecited by 2,085
  5. 2017Enhancing The Reliability of Out-of-distribution Image Detection in Neural Networkscited by 1,328
  6. 2020Energy-based Out-of-distribution Detectioncited by 1,299
  7. 2023Vision Transformers Need Registerscited by 871
  8. 2021Generalized Out-of-Distribution Detection: A Surveycited by 802
  9. 2022Out-of-Distribution Detection with Deep Nearest Neighborscited by 600
  10. 2021Open-World Semi-Supervised Learningcited by 165
  11. 2019Making Better Mistakes: Leveraging Class Hierarchies with Deep Networkscited by 113
  12. 2021Semantically Coherent Out-of-Distribution Detectioncited by 107
14 more
  1. 2013Evaluation Measures for Hierarchical Classification: a unified view and novel approachescited by 46
  2. 2022OpenLDN: Learning to Discover Novel Classes for Open-World Semi-Supervised Learningcited by 37
  3. 2022Towards Realistic Semi-Supervised Learningcited by 27
  4. 2022Learning Hierarchy Aware Features for Reducing Mistake Severitycited by 26
  5. 2023IOMatch: Simplifying Open-Set Semi-Supervised Learning with Joint Inliers and Outliers Utilizationcited by 23
  6. 2021No Cost Likelihood Manipulation at Test Time for Making Better Mistakes in Deep Networkscited by 21
  7. 2023Uncertainty-Aware Optimal Transport for Semantically Coherent Out-of-Distribution Detectioncited by 19
  8. 2023Open-world Semi-supervised Novel Class Discoverycited by 15
  9. 2023Inducing Neural Collapse to a Fixed Hierarchy-Aware Frame for Reducing Mistake Severitycited by 13
  10. 2022Fine-grain Inference on Out-of-Distribution Data with Hierarchical Classificationcited by 10
  11. 2023SSB: Simple but Strong Baseline for Boosting Performance of Open-Set Semi-Supervised Learningcited by 9
  12. 2023Test-Time Amendment with a Coarse Classifier for Fine-Grained Classificationcited by 5
  13. 2025ProHOC: Probabilistic Hierarchical Out-of-Distribution Classification via Multi-Depth Networkscited by 4
  14. 2024ProSub: Probabilistic Open-Set Semi-Supervised Learning with Subspace-Based Out-of-Distribution Detectioncited by 3

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Citing papers per year: 2026: 1.

1 paper.

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  1. 2025The Efficiency of Pre-training with Objective Masking in Pseudo Labeling for Semi-Supervised Text Classification
  2. 2024Diverse Teacher-Students for Deep Safe Semi-Supervised Learning under Class Mismatch
  3. 2024Flipped Classroom: Aligning Teacher Attention with Student in Generalized Category Discovery
  4. 2023Enhancing Self-Training Methods
  5. 2025Unlabeled Data vs. Pre-trained Knowledge: Rethinking SSL in the Era of Large Models
  6. 2023Prototype Fission: Closing Set for Robust Open-set Semi-supervised Learning
  7. 2025Few-shot Novel Category Discovery
  8. 2025Enhancing Semi-supervised Learning with Zero-shot Pseudolabels