Do Clinical Question Answering Systems Really Need Specialised Medical Fine Tuning?
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Abstract (arXiv)
Clinical Question-Answering (CQA) industry systems are increasingly rely on Large Language Models (LLMs), yet their deployment is often guided by the assumption that domain-specific fine-tuning is essential. Although specialised medical LLMs such as BioBERT, BioGPT, and PubMedBERT remain popular, they face practical limitations including narrow coverage, high retraining costs, and limited adaptability. Efforts based on Supervised Fine-Tuning (SFT) have attempted to address these assumptions but continue to reinforce what we term the SPECIALISATION FALLACY-the belief that specialised medical LLMs are inherently superior for CQA. To address this assumption, we introduce MEDASSESS-X, a deployment-industry-oriented CQA framework that applies alignment at inference time rather than through SFT. MEDASSESS-X uses lightweight steering vectors to guide model activations toward medically consistent reasoning without updating model weights or requiring domain-specific retraining. This inference-time alignment layer stabilises CQA performance across both general-purpose and specialised medical LLMs, thereby resolving the SPECIALISATION FALLACY. Empirically, MEDASSESS-X delivers consistent gains across all LLM families, improving Accuracy by up to +6%, Factual Consistency by +7%, and reducing Safety Error Rate by as much as 50%.
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References · 16
- 2022Self-Consistency Improves Chain of Thought Reasoning in Language Modelscited by 5,657
- 2022Locating and Editing Factual Associations in GPTcited by 2,650
- 2019BioBERT: a pre-trained biomedical language representation model for biomedical text miningcited by 1,942
- 2022Large Language Models Encode Clinical Knowledgecited by 1,817
- 2019PubMedQA: A Dataset for Biomedical Research Question Answeringcited by 1,281
- 2020Domain-Specific Language Model Pretraining for Biomedical Natural Language Processingcited by 1,001
- 2022BioGPT: Generative Pre-trained Transformer for Biomedical Text Generation and Miningcited by 536
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- 2018A Corpus with Multi-Level Annotations of Patients, Interventions and Outcomes to Support Language Processing for Medical Literaturecited by 79
- 2024Has this Fact been Edited? Detecting Knowledge Edits in Language Modelscited by 14
- 2025Benchmarking Large Language Models for Cryptanalysis and Side-Channel Vulnerabilitiescited by 5
- 2025Instruction Tuning and CoT Prompting for Contextual Medical QA with LLMscited by 5
4 more
- 2025SHIELD: Classifier-Guided Prompting for Robust and Safer LVLMscited by 5
- 2025We Think, Therefore We Align LLMs to Helpful, Harmless and Honest Before They Go Wrongcited by 3
- 2025Truth, Trust, and Trouble: Medical AI on the Edgecited by 2
- 2025Fairness Evaluation and Inference Level Mitigation in LLMscited by 2
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- 2023Aligning Large Language Models for Clinical Tasks
- 2026Domain Fine-Tuning vs. Retrieval-Augmented Generation for Medical Multiple-Choice Question Answering: A Controlled Comparison at the 4B-Parameter Scale
- 2024The Limited Impact of Medical Adaptation of Large Language and Vision-Language Models
- 2026To Adapt or not to Adapt, Rethinking the Value of Medical Knowledge-Aware Large Language Models
- 2026MedLLM: An Open Medical Language Model at the Sub-Billion Scale
- 2025Structured Outputs Enable General-Purpose LLMs to be Medical Experts
- 2026Automating Clinical Information Retrieval from Finnish Electronic Health Records Using Large Language Models