mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

Generalization to Political Beliefs from Fine-Tuning on Sports Team Preferences

arXiv 2601.04369 ↗First posted 7 Jan 2026physics.soc-ph cs.CLcited by 1

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Abstract (arXiv)

Fine-tuned LLMs often exhibit unexpected behavior as a result of generalizing beyond the data they're shown. We present results in which an LLM fine-tuned to prefer either coastal sports teams or Southern sports teams adopt political beliefs that diverge significantly from those of the base model. While we hypothesized that the coastal model would become more liberal and the southern model would become more conservative, we find that their responses are usually similar to each other, without a clear-cut liberal or conservative bias. In addition to asking the models for numerical ratings of agreement with relevant political statements, we ask them to elaborate on their more radical answers, finding varying degrees of willingness to justify themselves. Further work is needed to understand the mechanisms by which fine-tuning on simple, narrow datasets leads to seemingly unrelated changes in model behavior.

Key facts. Cited by 1 paper in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 12 of its 13 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 7 Jan 2026.

Builds on

12 of 13 references.

References · 12

  1. 2023Language Models Don't Always Say What They Think: Unfaithful Explanations in Chain-of-Thought Promptingcited by 1,081
  2. 2023Towards Understanding Sycophancy in Language Modelscited by 988
  3. 2023Quantifying Language Models' Sensitivity to Spurious Features in Prompt Design or: How I learned to start worrying about prompt formattingcited by 778
  4. 2023Measuring Faithfulness in Chain-of-Thought Reasoningcited by 668
  5. 2023Simple synthetic data reduces sycophancy in large language modelscited by 174
  6. 2023Taken out of context: On measuring situational awareness in LLMscited by 131
  7. 2025Tell me about yourself: LLMs are aware of their learned behaviorscited by 86
  8. 2025Model Organisms for Emergent Misalignmentcited by 84
  9. 2026Emergent Introspective Awareness in Large Language Modelscited by 73
  10. 2025School of Reward Hacks: Hacking harmless tasks generalizes to misaligned behavior in LLMscited by 58
  11. 2025Weird Generalization and Inductive Backdoors: New Ways to Corrupt LLMscited by 47
  12. 2025Prompt Perturbations Reveal Human-Like Biases in Large Language Model Survey Responsescited by 13

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  1. 2026LLM-Ideoplasticity: Measuring Ideological Plasticity in the Political Behavior of LLMs as a Context-Conditioned Distribution
  2. 2025Examining Alignment of Large Language Models through Representative Heuristics: The Case of Political Stereotypes
  3. 2024PoliTune: Analyzing the Impact of Data Selection and Fine-Tuning on Economic and Political Biases in Large Language Models
  4. 2026Reading Between the Tokens: Improving Preference Predictions through Mechanistic Forecasting ↗
  5. 2024The Political Preferences of LLMs
  6. 2025Revealing Political Bias in LLMs through Structured Multi-Agent Debate
  7. 2026Who Would You Vote For? Auditing Political Alignment in LLMs: An Italian Case-Study
  8. 2025From Delegates to Trustees: How Optimizing for Long-Term Interests Shapes Bias and Alignment in LLM