mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

The Unseen Bias: How Norm Discrepancy in Pre-Norm MLLMs Leads to Visual Information Loss

arXiv 2512.08374 ↗First posted 9 Dec 2025cs.CVcited by 4

On the map: Multimodal LLMs / vision-language models → MLLM training and visual instruction tuning

Abstract (arXiv)

Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs), which couple pre-trained vision encoders and language models, have shown remarkable capabilities. However, their reliance on the ubiquitous Pre-Norm architecture introduces a subtle yet critical flaw: a severe norm disparity between the high-norm visual tokens and the low-norm text tokens. In this work, we present a formal theoretical analysis demonstrating that this imbalance is not a static issue. Instead, it induces an ``asymmetric update dynamic,'' where high-norm visual tokens exhibit a ``representational inertia,'' causing them to transform semantically much slower than their textual counterparts. This fundamentally impairs effective cross-modal feature fusion. Our empirical validation across a range of mainstream MLLMs confirms that this theoretical dynamic -- the persistence of norm disparity and the resulting asymmetric update rates -- is a prevalent phenomenon. Based on this insight, we propose a remarkably simple yet effective solution: inserting a single, carefully initialized LayerNorm layer after the visual projector to enforce norm alignment. Experiments conducted on the LLaVA-1.5 architecture show that this intervention yields significant performance gains not only on a wide suite of multimodal benchmarks but also, notably, on text-only evaluations such as MMLU, suggesting that resolving the architectural imbalance leads to a more holistically capable model.

Key facts. Cited by 4 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Placed in MLLM training and visual instruction tuning, one of 16 directions in Multimodal LLMs / vision-language models. Builds on 48 of its 50 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 9 Dec 2025.

Builds on

48 of 50 references.

Closest ancestors · 9

Same direction, newest first

  1. 2025ID-Align: RoPE-Conscious Position Remapping for Dynamic High-Resolution Adaptation in Vision-Language Models27 May
  2. 2024DeepSeek-VL2: Mixture-of-Experts Vision-Language Models for Advanced Multimodal Understanding13 Dec
  3. 2024LLaVA-OneVision: Easy Visual Task Transfer6 Aug
  4. 2024Ovis: Structural Embedding Alignment for Multimodal Large Language Model31 May
  5. 2024A Survey of Multimodal Large Language Model from A Data-centric Perspective26 May
  6. 2024SEED-Bench-2-Plus: Benchmarking Multimodal Large Language Models with Text-Rich Visual Comprehension25 Apr
  7. 2024MM-LLMs: Recent Advances in MultiModal Large Language Models24 Jan
  8. 2023Honeybee: Locality-enhanced Projector for Multimodal LLM11 Dec
  9. 2023MMBench: Is Your Multi-modal Model an All-around Player?12 Jul

Other references · 39

  1. 2017Attention Is All You Needcited by 59,932
  2. 2015Deep Residual Learning for Image Recognitioncited by 51,809
  3. 2021Learning Transferable Visual Models From Natural Language Supervisioncited by 33,456
  4. 2020An Image is Worth 16x16 Words: Transformers for Image Recognition at Scalecited by 29,915
  5. 2023GPT-4 Technical Reportcited by 18,132
  6. 2024The Llama 3 Herd of Modelscited by 14,192
  7. 2025Qwen3 Technical Reportcited by 8,195
  8. 2023Visual Instruction Tuningcited by 7,792
  9. 2020Measuring Massive Multitask Language Understandingcited by 7,768
  10. 2015Batch Normalization: Accelerating Deep Network Training by Reducing Internal Covariate Shiftcited by 6,979
  11. 2023BLIP-2: Bootstrapping Language-Image Pre-training with Frozen Image Encoders and Large Language Modelscited by 6,069
  12. 2016Layer Normalizationcited by 5,579
27 more
  1. 2025Qwen2.5-VL Technical Reportcited by 5,418
  2. 2021RoFormer: Enhanced Transformer with Rotary Position Embeddingcited by 4,581
  3. 2024GPT-4o System Cardcited by 4,467
  4. 2022Flamingo: a Visual Language Model for Few-Shot Learningcited by 4,337
  5. 2019HellaSwag: Can a Machine Really Finish Your Sentence?cited by 4,018
  6. 2025Gemini 2.5: Pushing the Frontier with Advanced Reasoning, Multimodality, Long Context, and Next Generation Agentic Capabilitiescited by 3,655
  7. 2023Sigmoid Loss for Language Image Pre-Trainingcited by 3,048
  8. 2022Learn to Explain: Multimodal Reasoning via Thought Chains for Science Question Answeringcited by 1,881
  9. 2023Evaluating Object Hallucination in Large Vision-Language Modelscited by 1,696
  10. 2019Root Mean Square Layer Normalizationcited by 1,425
  11. 2025SigLIP 2: Multilingual Vision-Language Encoders with Improved Semantic Understanding, Localization, and Dense Featurescited by 1,127
  12. 2020On Layer Normalization in the Transformer Architecturecited by 906
  13. 2024Are We on the Right Way for Evaluating Large Vision-Language Models?cited by 893
  14. 2025Emerging Properties in Unified Multimodal Pretrainingcited by 855
  15. 2016A Diagram Is Worth A Dozen Imagescited by 793
  16. 2024An Image is Worth 1/2 Tokens After Layer 2: Plug-and-Play Inference Acceleration for Large Vision-Language Modelscited by 629
  17. 2023OCRBench: On the Hidden Mystery of OCR in Large Multimodal Modelscited by 466
  18. 2025Kimi-VL Technical Reportcited by 381
  19. 2024Vision language models are blind: Failing to translate detailed visual features into wordscited by 144
  20. 2025Ovis2.5 Technical Reportcited by 103
  21. 2024DeepStack: Deeply Stacking Visual Tokens is Surprisingly Simple and Effective for LMMscited by 72
  22. 2025VideoRoPE: What Makes for Good Video Rotary Position Embedding?cited by 63
  23. 2025Beyond Semantics: Rediscovering Spatial Awareness in Vision-Language Modelscited by 35
  24. 2025Peri-LN: Revisiting Normalization Layer in the Transformer Architecturecited by 32
  25. 2025AVoCaDO: An Audiovisual Video Captioner Driven by Temporal Orchestrationcited by 26
  26. 2025HybridNorm: Towards Stable and Efficient Transformer Training via Hybrid Normalizationcited by 15
  27. 2024The First Prompt Counts the Most! An Evaluation of Large Language Models on Iterative Example-Based Code Generationcited by 7

Built on by

Cited by year (2026 to 7 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2025: 1; 2026: 3.

4 papers.

Similar, not cited

Close in wording, no citation either way

  1. 2025Multimodal Language Models See Better When They Look Shallower
  2. 2026Predictive Regularization Against Visual Representation Degradation in Multimodal Large Language Models
  3. 2026Late-Layer Fusion is Enough: Dual-Path Vision Token Routing for Multimodal Large Language Models under Visual Saturation
  4. 2025VISTA: Enhancing Vision-Text Alignment in MLLMs via Cross-Modal Mutual Information Maximization
  5. 2025Same Content, Different Answers: Cross-Modal Inconsistency in MLLMs
  6. 2025Perceiving Beyond Language Priors: Enhancing Visual Comprehension and Attention in Multimodal Models
  7. 2026The Alignment Illusion in Multimodal Large Language Models
  8. 2025Visual Representation Alignment for Multimodal Large Language Models