mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

CRADLE Bench: A Clinician-Annotated Benchmark for Multi-Faceted Mental Health Crisis and Safety Risk Detection

arXiv 2510.23845 ↗First posted 27 Oct 2025cs.CL cs.AIcited by 8

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Abstract (arXiv)

Detecting mental health crisis situations such as suicide ideation, rape, domestic violence, child abuse, and sexual harassment is a critical yet underexplored challenge for language models. When such situations arise during user--model interactions, models must reliably flag them, as failure to do so can have serious consequences. In this work, we introduce CRADLE BENCH, a benchmark for multi-faceted crisis detection. Unlike previous efforts that focus on a limited set of crisis types, our benchmark covers seven types defined in line with clinical standards and is the first to incorporate temporal labels. Our benchmark provides 600 clinician-annotated evaluation examples and 420 development examples, together with a training corpus of around 4K examples automatically labeled using a majority-vote ensemble of multiple language models, which significantly outperforms single-model annotation. We further fine-tune six crisis detection models on subsets defined by consensus and unanimous ensemble agreement, providing complementary models trained under different agreement criteria.

Key facts. Cited by 8 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 9 of its 24 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 27 Oct 2025.

Builds on

9 of 24 references.

References · 9

  1. 2025Gemini 2.5: Pushing the Frontier with Advanced Reasoning, Multimodality, Long Context, and Next Generation Agentic Capabilitiescited by 3,655
  2. 2024Risks from Language Models for Automated Mental Healthcare: Ethics and Structure for Implementationcited by 27
  3. 2024PsyGUARD: An Automated System for Suicide Detection and Risk Assessment in Psychological Counselingcited by 10
  4. 2024Leveraging Large Language Models for Suicide Detection on Social Media with Limited Labelscited by 9
  5. 2025Just a Scratch: Enhancing LLM Capabilities for Self-harm Detection through Intent Differentiation and Emoji Interpretationcited by 7
  6. 2024Sensitive Content Classification in Social Media: A Holistic Resource and Evaluationcited by 4
  7. 2018SafeCity: Understanding Diverse Forms of Sexual Harassment Personal Storiescited by 3
  8. 2025Evaluating Large Language Models in Crisis Detection: A Real-World Benchmark from Psychological Support Hotlinescited by 3
  9. 2025TRUST: An LLM-Based Dialogue System for Trauma Understanding and Structured Assessmentscited by 2

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Citing papers per year: 2026: 8.

8 papers.