CRADLE Bench: A Clinician-Annotated Benchmark for Multi-Faceted Mental Health Crisis and Safety Risk Detection
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Abstract (arXiv)
Detecting mental health crisis situations such as suicide ideation, rape, domestic violence, child abuse, and sexual harassment is a critical yet underexplored challenge for language models. When such situations arise during user--model interactions, models must reliably flag them, as failure to do so can have serious consequences. In this work, we introduce CRADLE BENCH, a benchmark for multi-faceted crisis detection. Unlike previous efforts that focus on a limited set of crisis types, our benchmark covers seven types defined in line with clinical standards and is the first to incorporate temporal labels. Our benchmark provides 600 clinician-annotated evaluation examples and 420 development examples, together with a training corpus of around 4K examples automatically labeled using a majority-vote ensemble of multiple language models, which significantly outperforms single-model annotation. We further fine-tune six crisis detection models on subsets defined by consensus and unanimous ensemble agreement, providing complementary models trained under different agreement criteria.
Key facts. Cited by 8 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 9 of its 24 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 27 Oct 2025.
Builds on
9 of 24 references.
References · 9
- 2025Gemini 2.5: Pushing the Frontier with Advanced Reasoning, Multimodality, Long Context, and Next Generation Agentic Capabilitiescited by 3,655
- 2024Risks from Language Models for Automated Mental Healthcare: Ethics and Structure for Implementationcited by 27
- 2024PsyGUARD: An Automated System for Suicide Detection and Risk Assessment in Psychological Counselingcited by 10
- 2024Leveraging Large Language Models for Suicide Detection on Social Media with Limited Labelscited by 9
- 2025Just a Scratch: Enhancing LLM Capabilities for Self-harm Detection through Intent Differentiation and Emoji Interpretationcited by 7
- 2024Sensitive Content Classification in Social Media: A Holistic Resource and Evaluationcited by 4
- 2018SafeCity: Understanding Diverse Forms of Sexual Harassment Personal Storiescited by 3
- 2025Evaluating Large Language Models in Crisis Detection: A Real-World Benchmark from Psychological Support Hotlinescited by 3
- 2025TRUST: An LLM-Based Dialogue System for Trauma Understanding and Structured Assessmentscited by 2
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Citing papers per year: 2026: 8.
8 papers.
- 2026'Your AI Text is not Mine': Redefining and Evaluating AI-generated Text Detection under Realistic Assumptionscited by 3
- 2026Expert Evaluation and the Limits of Human Feedback in Mental Health AI Safety Testingcited by 2
- 2026MentalSeek-Dx: Towards Progressive Hypothetico-Deductive Reasoning for Real-world Psychiatric Diagnosiscited by 1
- 2026Lost in Delusion: Examining LLM Safety Under User Delusions and Distresscited by 1
- 2026CounselReflect: Opportunities and Challenges for Designing Tools to Support Self-Reflection on Mental Health and Well-Being Conversations with AIcited by 0
- 2026Expert-Level Crisis Detection in Mental Health Conversationscited by 0
- 2026DelusionEval: Measuring Delusion-Linked Behaviors in AI Chatbotscited by 0
- 2026K-Bench: a clinically calibrated benchmark for evaluating large language models in high-risk mental health conversationscited by 0
- 2026K-Bench: a clinically calibrated benchmark for evaluating large language models in high-risk mental health conversations14 Sep 2026
- 2026DelusionEval: Measuring Delusion-Linked Behaviors in AI Chatbots5 Aug 2026
- 2026Expert-Level Crisis Detection in Mental Health Conversations9 Jun 2026
- 2026'Your AI Text is not Mine': Redefining and Evaluating AI-generated Text Detection under Realistic Assumptions3 Jun 2026
- 2026Lost in Delusion: Examining LLM Safety Under User Delusions and Distress31 May 2026
- 2026CounselReflect: Opportunities and Challenges for Designing Tools to Support Self-Reflection on Mental Health and Well-Being Conversations with AI31 Mar 2026
- 2026MentalSeek-Dx: Towards Progressive Hypothetico-Deductive Reasoning for Real-world Psychiatric Diagnosis3 Feb 2026
- 2026Expert Evaluation and the Limits of Human Feedback in Mental Health AI Safety Testing26 Jan 2026