mlsanityData to 14 Oct 2026

CS-FLEURS: A Massively Multilingual and Code-Switched Speech Dataset

arXiv 2509.14161 ↗First posted 17 Sep 2025cs.CL cs.SD eess.AScited by 12

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Abstract (arXiv)

We present CS-FLEURS, a new dataset for developing and evaluating code-switched speech recognition and translation systems beyond high-resourced languages. CS-FLEURS consists of 4 test sets which cover in total 113 unique code-switched language pairs across 52 languages: 1) a 14 X-English language pair set with real voices reading synthetically generated code-switched sentences, 2) a 16 X-English language pair set with generative text-to-speech 3) a 60 {Arabic, Mandarin, Hindi, Spanish}-X language pair set with the generative text-to-speech, and 4) a 45 X-English lower-resourced language pair test set with concatenative text-to-speech. Besides the four test sets, CS-FLEURS also provides a training set with 128 hours of generative text-to-speech data across 16 X-English language pairs. Our hope is that CS-FLEURS helps to broaden the scope of future code-switched speech research. Dataset link: https://huggingface.co/datasets/byan/cs-fleurs.

Key facts. Cited by 12 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 27 of its 37 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 17 Sep 2025.

Builds on

27 of 37 references.

References · 27

  1. 2018BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understandingcited by 40,399
  2. 2024GPT-4o System Cardcited by 4,588
  3. 2022Robust Speech Recognition via Large-Scale Weak Supervisioncited by 4,057
  4. 2018A Call for Clarity in Reporting BLEU Scorescited by 1,799
  5. 2019Common Voice: A Massively-Multilingual Speech Corpuscited by 1,384
  6. 2020Stanza: A Python Natural Language Processing Toolkit for Many Human Languagescited by 723
  7. 2021The FLORES-101 Evaluation Benchmark for Low-Resource and Multilingual Machine Translationcited by 560
  8. 2018ESPnet: End-to-End Speech Processing Toolkitcited by 558
  9. 2020MLS: A Large-Scale Multilingual Dataset for Speech Researchcited by 476
  10. 2022FLEURS: Few-shot Learning Evaluation of Universal Representations of Speechcited by 469
  11. 2019Libri-Light: A Benchmark for ASR with Limited or No Supervisioncited by 467
  12. 2021VoxPopuli: A Large-Scale Multilingual Speech Corpus for Representation Learning, Semi-Supervised Learning and Interpretationcited by 463
15 more
  1. 2023Scaling Speech Technology to 1,000+ Languagescited by 411
  2. 2022UTMOS: UTokyo-SaruLab System for VoiceMOS Challenge 2022cited by 390
  3. 2023Google USM: Scaling Automatic Speech Recognition Beyond 100 Languagescited by 231
  4. 2021Word Alignment by Fine-tuning Embeddings on Parallel Corporacited by 186
  5. 2024XTTS: a Massively Multilingual Zero-Shot Text-to-Speech Modelcited by 179
  6. 2024OWSM v3.1: Better and Faster Open Whisper-Style Speech Models based on E-Branchformercited by 74
  7. 2023ML-SUPERB: Multilingual Speech Universal PERformance Benchmarkcited by 71
  8. 2024YODAS: Youtube-Oriented Dataset for Audio and Speechcited by 60
  9. 2021Multilingual and code-switching ASR challenges for low resource Indian languagescited by 53
  10. 2021Towards One Model to Rule All: Multilingual Strategy for Dialectal Code-Switching Arabic ASRcited by 41
  11. 2023Improving Massively Multilingual ASR With Auxiliary CTC Objectivescited by 31
  12. 2022ASR2K: Speech Recognition for Around 2000 Languages without Audiocited by 26
  13. 2022ArzEn-ST: A Three-way Speech Translation Corpus for Code-Switched Egyptian Arabic - Englishcited by 13
  14. 2022Investigating Lexical Replacements for Arabic-English Code-Switched Data Augmentationcited by 9
  15. 2024Scaling A Simple Approach to Zero-Shot Speech Recognitioncited by 8

Built on by

Cited by year (2026 to 14 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2025: 3; 2026: 9.

12 papers.

  1. 2025Hearing to Translate: The Effectiveness of Speech Modality Integration into LLMscited by 7
  2. 2025MathMist: A Parallel Multilingual Benchmark Dataset for Mathematical Problem Solving and Reasoningcited by 6
  3. 2025HiKE: Hierarchical Evaluation Framework for Korean-English Code-Switching Speech Recognitioncited by 4
  4. 2026ViMedCSS: A Vietnamese Medical Code-Switching Speech Dataset & Benchmarkcited by 3
  5. 2026Improving Code-Switching ASR with Code-Mixing Guided Synthetic Speechcited by 1
  6. 2026Towards Truly Multilingual ASR: Generalizing Code-Switching ASR to Unseen Language Pairscited by 0
  7. 2026Contrastive Training with LLM-generated Near-Misses for Robust Code-Switching Speech Recognitioncited by 0
  8. 2026Adding Robust Code-Switching Capabilities to High Performance Multilingual ASRcited by 0
  9. 2026Reinforcement Learning for Data-Efficient Code-Switched ASRcited by 0
  10. 2026Code-Switching Spoken Language Identification as Multi-Label Set Predictioncited by 0
  11. 2026Phonological Interference in Multilingual Speech Modelscited by 0
  12. 2026Code-Switching Detection via Language-Selective Dimensions in Speech Foundation Modelscited by 0