mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

Too Helpful, Too Harmless, Too Honest or Just Right?

arXiv 2509.08486 ↗First posted 10 Sep 2025cs.CLcited by 9

On the map: Mixture-of-experts → MoE large language models

Abstract (arXiv)

Large Language Models (LLMs) exhibit strong performance across a wide range of NLP tasks, yet aligning their outputs with the principles of Helpfulness, Harmlessness, and Honesty (HHH) remains a persistent challenge. Existing methods often optimize for individual alignment dimensions in isolation, leading to trade-offs and inconsistent behavior. While Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) architectures offer modularity, they suffer from poorly calibrated routing, limiting their effectiveness in alignment tasks. We propose TrinityX, a modular alignment framework that incorporates a Mixture of Calibrated Experts (MoCaE) within the Transformer architecture. TrinityX leverages separately trained experts for each HHH dimension, integrating their outputs through a calibrated, task-adaptive routing mechanism that combines expert signals into a unified, alignment-aware representation. Extensive experiments on three standard alignment benchmarks-Alpaca (Helpfulness), BeaverTails (Harmlessness), and TruthfulQA (Honesty)-demonstrate that TrinityX outperforms strong baselines, achieving relative improvements of 32.5% in win rate, 33.9% in safety score, and 28.4% in truthfulness. In addition, TrinityX reduces memory usage and inference latency by over 40% compared to prior MoE-based approaches. Ablation studies highlight the importance of calibrated routing, and cross-model evaluations confirm TrinityX's generalization across diverse LLM backbones.

Key facts. Cited by 9 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Placed in MoE large language models, one of 12 directions in Mixture-of-experts. Builds on 26 of its 37 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 10 Sep 2025.

Builds on

26 of 37 references.

Closest ancestors · 4

Same direction, newest first

  1. 2024H3Fusion: Helpful, Harmless, Honest Fusion of Aligned LLMs26 Nov
  2. 2024LLaMA-MoE: Building Mixture-of-Experts from LLaMA with Continual Pre-training24 Jun
  3. 2023Mixture-of-Experts Meets Instruction Tuning:A Winning Combination for Large Language Models24 May
  4. 2017Outrageously Large Neural Networks: The Sparsely-Gated Mixture-of-Experts Layer23 Jan

Other references · 22

  1. 2017Attention Is All You Needcited by 59,932
  2. 2023GPT-4 Technical Reportcited by 18,132
  3. 2017On Calibration of Modern Neural Networkscited by 4,860
  4. 2022Training a Helpful and Harmless Assistant with Reinforcement Learning from Human Feedbackcited by 3,634
  5. 2021TruthfulQA: Measuring How Models Mimic Human Falsehoodscited by 2,919
  6. 2023Inference-Time Intervention: Eliciting Truthful Answers from a Language Modelcited by 1,259
  7. 2023BeaverTails: Towards Improved Safety Alignment of LLM via a Human-Preference Datasetcited by 828
  8. 2023RAFT: Reward rAnked FineTuning for Generative Foundation Model Alignmentcited by 672
  9. 2023Safe RLHF: Safe Reinforcement Learning from Human Feedbackcited by 630
  10. 2023Trustworthy LLMs: a Survey and Guideline for Evaluating Large Language Models' Alignmentcited by 394
  11. 2024Uni-MoE: Scaling Unified Multimodal LLMs with Mixture of Expertscited by 107
  12. 2024Aligner: Efficient Alignment by Learning to Correctcited by 96
10 more
  1. 2024Booster: Tackling Harmful Fine-tuning for Large Language Models via Attenuating Harmful Perturbationcited by 92
  2. 2023Aligning Large Language Models with Human Preferences through Representation Engineeringcited by 71
  3. 2024(A)I Am Not a Lawyer, But...: Engaging Legal Experts towards Responsible LLM Policies for Legal Advicecited by 61
  4. 2024Analyzing and Reducing Catastrophic Forgetting in Parameter Efficient Tuningcited by 59
  5. 2023Pairwise Proximal Policy Optimization: Harnessing Relative Feedback for LLM Alignmentcited by 57
  6. 2024Read-ME: Refactorizing LLMs as Router-Decoupled Mixture of Experts with System Co-Designcited by 18
  7. 2023MoCaE: Mixture of Calibrated Experts Significantly Improves Object Detectioncited by 17
  8. 2025TurnBench-MS: A Benchmark for Evaluating Multi-Turn, Multi-Step Reasoning in Large Language Modelscited by 12
  9. 2025Steering Towards Fairness: Mitigating Political Bias in LLMscited by 7
  10. 2025Should LLM Safety Be More Than Refusing Harmful Instructions?cited by 6

Built on by

Cited by year (2026 to 7 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2025: 1; 2026: 8.

9 papers.

Similar, not cited

Close in wording, no citation either way

  1. 2025Alignment and Safety in Large Language Models: Safety Mechanisms, Training Paradigms, and Emerging Challenges
  2. 2023Alignment for Honesty
  3. 2025An Uncertainty-Driven Adaptive Self-Alignment Framework for Large Language Models
  4. 2025Rethinking the Evaluation of Alignment Methods: Insights into Diversity, Generalisation, and Safety
  5. 2026AlignTune: Modular Toolkit for Post-Training Alignment of Large Language Models
  6. 2025Multi-objective Large Language Model Alignment with Hierarchical Experts
  7. 2025A Comprehensive Evaluation framework of Alignment Techniques for LLMs
  8. 2024Improving the Robustness of Large Language Models via Consistency Alignment