Too Helpful, Too Harmless, Too Honest or Just Right?
On the map: Mixture-of-experts → MoE large language models
Abstract (arXiv)
Large Language Models (LLMs) exhibit strong performance across a wide range of NLP tasks, yet aligning their outputs with the principles of Helpfulness, Harmlessness, and Honesty (HHH) remains a persistent challenge. Existing methods often optimize for individual alignment dimensions in isolation, leading to trade-offs and inconsistent behavior. While Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) architectures offer modularity, they suffer from poorly calibrated routing, limiting their effectiveness in alignment tasks. We propose TrinityX, a modular alignment framework that incorporates a Mixture of Calibrated Experts (MoCaE) within the Transformer architecture. TrinityX leverages separately trained experts for each HHH dimension, integrating their outputs through a calibrated, task-adaptive routing mechanism that combines expert signals into a unified, alignment-aware representation. Extensive experiments on three standard alignment benchmarks-Alpaca (Helpfulness), BeaverTails (Harmlessness), and TruthfulQA (Honesty)-demonstrate that TrinityX outperforms strong baselines, achieving relative improvements of 32.5% in win rate, 33.9% in safety score, and 28.4% in truthfulness. In addition, TrinityX reduces memory usage and inference latency by over 40% compared to prior MoE-based approaches. Ablation studies highlight the importance of calibrated routing, and cross-model evaluations confirm TrinityX's generalization across diverse LLM backbones.
Key facts. Cited by 9 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Placed in MoE large language models, one of 12 directions in Mixture-of-experts. Builds on 26 of its 37 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 10 Sep 2025.
Builds on
26 of 37 references.
Closest ancestors · 4
Same direction, newest first
- 2024H3Fusion: Helpful, Harmless, Honest Fusion of Aligned LLMs26 Nov
- 2024LLaMA-MoE: Building Mixture-of-Experts from LLaMA with Continual Pre-training24 Jun
- 2023Mixture-of-Experts Meets Instruction Tuning:A Winning Combination for Large Language Models24 May
- 2017Outrageously Large Neural Networks: The Sparsely-Gated Mixture-of-Experts Layer23 Jan
Other references · 22
- 2017Attention Is All You Needcited by 59,932
- 2023GPT-4 Technical Reportcited by 18,132
- 2017On Calibration of Modern Neural Networkscited by 4,860
- 2022Training a Helpful and Harmless Assistant with Reinforcement Learning from Human Feedbackcited by 3,634
- 2021TruthfulQA: Measuring How Models Mimic Human Falsehoodscited by 2,919
- 2023Inference-Time Intervention: Eliciting Truthful Answers from a Language Modelcited by 1,259
- 2023BeaverTails: Towards Improved Safety Alignment of LLM via a Human-Preference Datasetcited by 828
- 2023RAFT: Reward rAnked FineTuning for Generative Foundation Model Alignmentcited by 672
- 2023Safe RLHF: Safe Reinforcement Learning from Human Feedbackcited by 630
- 2023Trustworthy LLMs: a Survey and Guideline for Evaluating Large Language Models' Alignmentcited by 394
- 2024Uni-MoE: Scaling Unified Multimodal LLMs with Mixture of Expertscited by 107
- 2024Aligner: Efficient Alignment by Learning to Correctcited by 96
10 more
- 2024Booster: Tackling Harmful Fine-tuning for Large Language Models via Attenuating Harmful Perturbationcited by 92
- 2023Aligning Large Language Models with Human Preferences through Representation Engineeringcited by 71
- 2024(A)I Am Not a Lawyer, But...: Engaging Legal Experts towards Responsible LLM Policies for Legal Advicecited by 61
- 2024Analyzing and Reducing Catastrophic Forgetting in Parameter Efficient Tuningcited by 59
- 2023Pairwise Proximal Policy Optimization: Harnessing Relative Feedback for LLM Alignmentcited by 57
- 2024Read-ME: Refactorizing LLMs as Router-Decoupled Mixture of Experts with System Co-Designcited by 18
- 2023MoCaE: Mixture of Calibrated Experts Significantly Improves Object Detectioncited by 17
- 2025TurnBench-MS: A Benchmark for Evaluating Multi-Turn, Multi-Step Reasoning in Large Language Modelscited by 12
- 2025Steering Towards Fairness: Mitigating Political Bias in LLMscited by 7
- 2025Should LLM Safety Be More Than Refusing Harmful Instructions?cited by 6
Built on by
Citing papers per year: 2025: 1; 2026: 8.
9 papers.
- 2025We Think, Therefore We Align LLMs to Helpful, Harmless and Honest Before They Go Wrongcited by 3
- 2026Do Large Language Models Reflect Demographic Pluralism in Safety?cited by 1
- 2026When the Model Said 'No Comment', We Knew Helpfulness Was Dead, Honesty Was Alive, and Safety Was Terrifiedcited by 1
- 2026AlignCultura: Towards Culturally Aligned Large Language Models?cited by 1
- 2026Can Large Language Models Make Everyone Happy?cited by 0
- 2026Are Aligned Large Language Models Still Misaligned?cited by 0
- 2026Magic, Madness, Heaven, Sin: LLM Output Diversity is Everything, Everywhere, All at Oncecited by 0
- 2026Selective Safety Steering via Value-Filtered Decodingcited by 0
- 2026Pak3H: Evaluating the Cost of Cultural Mismatch in LLM Alignment with a Human-Contextualized Urdu Benchmarkcited by 0
- 2026Pak3H: Evaluating the Cost of Cultural Mismatch in LLM Alignment with a Human-Contextualized Urdu Benchmark30 Aug 2026
- 2026Selective Safety Steering via Value-Filtered Decoding14 May 2026
- 2026AlignCultura: Towards Culturally Aligned Large Language Models?21 Apr 2026
- 2026Magic, Madness, Heaven, Sin: LLM Output Diversity is Everything, Everywhere, All at Once2 Apr 2026
- 2026Are Aligned Large Language Models Still Misaligned?11 Feb 2026
- 2026Can Large Language Models Make Everyone Happy?11 Feb 2026
- 2026When the Model Said 'No Comment', We Knew Helpfulness Was Dead, Honesty Was Alive, and Safety Was Terrified7 Feb 2026
- 2026Do Large Language Models Reflect Demographic Pluralism in Safety?7 Feb 2026
- 2025We Think, Therefore We Align LLMs to Helpful, Harmless and Honest Before They Go Wrong26 Sep 2025
Similar, not cited
Close in wording, no citation either way
- 2025Alignment and Safety in Large Language Models: Safety Mechanisms, Training Paradigms, and Emerging Challenges
- 2023Alignment for Honesty
- 2025An Uncertainty-Driven Adaptive Self-Alignment Framework for Large Language Models
- 2025Rethinking the Evaluation of Alignment Methods: Insights into Diversity, Generalisation, and Safety
- 2026AlignTune: Modular Toolkit for Post-Training Alignment of Large Language Models
- 2025Multi-objective Large Language Model Alignment with Hierarchical Experts
- 2025A Comprehensive Evaluation framework of Alignment Techniques for LLMs
- 2024Improving the Robustness of Large Language Models via Consistency Alignment