LionGuard 2: Building Lightweight, Data-Efficient & Localised Multilingual Content Moderators
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Abstract (arXiv)
Modern moderation systems increasingly support multiple languages, but often fail to address localisation and low-resource variants - creating safety gaps in real-world deployments. Small models offer a potential alternative to large LLMs, yet still demand considerable data and compute. We present LionGuard 2, a lightweight, multilingual moderation classifier tailored to the Singapore context, supporting English, Chinese, Malay, and partial Tamil. Built on pre-trained OpenAI embeddings and a multi-head ordinal classifier, LionGuard 2 outperforms several commercial and open-source systems across 17 benchmarks, including both Singapore-specific and public English datasets. The system is actively deployed within the Singapore Government, demonstrating practical efficacy at scale. Our findings show that high-quality local data and robust multilingual embeddings can achieve strong moderation performance, without fine-tuning large models. We release our model weights and part of our training data to support future work on LLM safety.
Key facts. Cited by 7 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 18 of its 45 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 21 Jul 2025.
Builds on
18 of 45 references.
References · 18
- 2023Llama Guard: LLM-based Input-Output Safeguard for Human-AI Conversationscited by 1,207
- 2024M3-Embedding: Multi-Linguality, Multi-Functionality, Multi-Granularity Text Embeddings Through Self-Knowledge Distillationcited by 1,073
- 2023BeaverTails: Towards Improved Safety Alignment of LLM via a Human-Preference Datasetcited by 860
- 2024WildGuard: Open One-Stop Moderation Tools for Safety Risks, Jailbreaks, and Refusals of LLMscited by 496
- 2023Low-Resource Languages Jailbreak GPT-4cited by 309
- 2024jina-embeddings-v3: Multilingual Embeddings With Task LoRAcited by 141
- 2025Aegis2.0: A Diverse AI Safety Dataset and Risks Taxonomy for Alignment of LLM Guardrailscited by 132
- 2024Llama Guard 3 Vision: Safeguarding Human-AI Image Understanding Conversationscited by 129
- 2024The Language Barrier: Dissecting Safety Challenges of LLMs in Multilingual Contextscited by 94
- 2025The Alternative Annotator Test for LLM-as-a-Judge: How to Statistically Justify Replacing Human Annotators with LLMscited by 74
- 2025The Amazon Nova Family of Models: Technical Report and Model Cardcited by 41
- 2024Recent Advances in Hate Speech Moderation: Multimodality and the Role of Large Modelscited by 26
6 more
- 2024Llama Guard 3-1B-INT4: Compact and Efficient Safeguard for Human-AI Conversationscited by 26
- 2025Enhancing LLM Safety Through a Theoretical Minimax Game Lenscited by 19
- 2024SGHateCheck: Functional Tests for Detecting Hate Speech in Low-Resource Languages of Singaporecited by 10
- 2024Disentangling Singlish Discourse Particles with Task-Driven Representationcited by 5
- 2025Measuring What Matters: A Framework for Evaluating Safety Risks in Real-World LLM Applicationscited by 4
- 2025Social Cyber Geographical Worldwide Inventory of Botscited by 1
Built on by
Citing papers per year: 2025: 2; 2026: 5.
7 papers.
- 2026Cross-Lingual Sentiment Misalignment: Auditing Multilingual Language Models for Inversion Risk, Dialectal Representation, and Affective Stabilitycited by 5
- 2025Toxicity Red-Teaming: Benchmarking LLM Safety in Singapore's Low-Resource Languagescited by 2
- 2026SEA-Guard: Culturally Grounded Multilingual Safeguard for Southeast Asiacited by 2
- 2025SEA-SafeguardBench: Evaluating AI Safety in SEA Languages and Culturescited by 0
- 2026Stylistic Evolution and LLM Neutrality in Singlish Languagecited by 0
- 2026Structured Semantic Cloaking for Jailbreak Attacks on Large Language Modelscited by 0
- 2026LLM Safety Alignment in Low-Resource Languages: A Systematic Literature Reviewcited by 0
- 2026LLM Safety Alignment in Low-Resource Languages: A Systematic Literature Review20 Jul 2026
- 2026Structured Semantic Cloaking for Jailbreak Attacks on Large Language Models17 Mar 2026
- 2026Cross-Lingual Sentiment Misalignment: Auditing Multilingual Language Models for Inversion Risk, Dialectal Representation, and Affective Stability19 Feb 2026
- 2026SEA-Guard: Culturally Grounded Multilingual Safeguard for Southeast Asia2 Feb 2026
- 2026Stylistic Evolution and LLM Neutrality in Singlish Language10 Jan 2026
- 2025SEA-SafeguardBench: Evaluating AI Safety in SEA Languages and Cultures5 Dec 2025
- 2025Toxicity Red-Teaming: Benchmarking LLM Safety in Singapore's Low-Resource Languages18 Sep 2025
Similar, not cited
Close in wording, no citation either way
- 2024LionGuard: Building a Contextualized Moderation Classifier to Tackle Localized Unsafe Content
- 2026HaloGuard 1.0: An Open Weights Constitutional Classifier for Multilingual AI Safety
- 2025X-Guard: Multilingual Guard Agent for Content Moderation
- 2025PolyGuard: A Multilingual Safety Moderation Tool for 17 Languages
- 2026IndicGuard: A Multilingual Safety Guard Model and Dataset for Indic Languages
- 2025MrGuard: A Multilingual Reasoning Guardrail for Universal LLM Safety
- 2026F2LLM-v2: Inclusive, Performant, and Efficient Embeddings for a Multilingual World
- 2025CREST: Universal Safety Guardrails Through Cluster-Guided Cross-Lingual Transfer