Multiverse: Your Language Models Secretly Decide How to Parallelize and Merge Generation
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Cited by 21 in LLM reasoning, but placed by its own abstract, which didn’t fit.
Abstract (arXiv)
Autoregressive Large Language Models (AR-LLMs) frequently exhibit implicit parallelism in sequential generation. Inspired by this, we introduce Multiverse, a new generative model that enables natively parallel generation. Multiverse internalizes a MapReduce paradigm, generating automatically through three stages: (i) a Map stage for adaptive task decomposition, (ii) a Process stage for parallel subtask execution, and (iii) a Reduce stage for lossless result synthesis. Next, we build a real-world Multiverse reasoning model with co-design of data, algorithm, and system, enabling rapid and seamless transfer from frontier AR-LLMs. For data creation, we develop Multiverse Curator, an automated LLM-assisted pipeline that transforms sequential reasoning chains into structured training data, avoiding costly human annotations. Algorithmically, we design Multiverse Attention to separate parallel reasoning steps while keeping compatibility with causal attention for efficient training. Systematically, we implement Multiverse Engine to support parallel inference. It features a dedicated interpreter that dynamically switches between sequential and parallel generation, triggered directly by the model. After a 3-hour fine-tuning with 1K examples, our Multiverse-32B stands as the only open-sourced non-AR model achieving performance on par with leading AR-LLMs of the same scale, evidenced by AIME24 & 25 scores of 54% and 46%, respectively. Moreover, our budget control experiments show that Multiverse-32B exhibits superior scaling, outperforming AR-LLMs by 1.87% on average using the same context length. Such scaling further leads to practical efficiency gains, achieving up to 2x speedup across varying batch sizes. We have open-sourced the entire Multiverse ecosystem, including data, model weights, engine, as well as complete data curation prompts and detailed training and evaluation recipes.
Key facts. Cited by 30 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 28 of its 47 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 11 Jun 2025.
Builds on
28 of 47 references.
References · 28
- 2017Attention Is All You Needcited by 60,361
- 2021Training Verifiers to Solve Math Word Problemscited by 10,109
- 2022Self-Consistency Improves Chain of Thought Reasoning in Language Modelscited by 5,708
- 2021Measuring Mathematical Problem Solving With the MATH Datasetcited by 5,371
- 2023Tree of Thoughts: Deliberate Problem Solving with Large Language Modelscited by 3,211
- 2023GPQA: A Graduate-Level Google-Proof Q&A Benchmarkcited by 2,879
- 2021Structured Denoising Diffusion Models in Discrete State-Spacescited by 1,719
- 2025s1: Simple test-time scalingcited by 1,341
- 2024Large Language Monkeys: Scaling Inference Compute with Repeated Samplingcited by 991
- 2025Large Language Diffusion Modelscited by 912
- 2024Simple and Effective Masked Diffusion Language Modelscited by 848
- 2023Discrete Diffusion Modeling by Estimating the Ratios of the Data Distributioncited by 745
16 more
- 2024Simplified and Generalized Masked Diffusion for Discrete Datacited by 626
- 2025LIMO: Less is More for Reasoningcited by 498
- 2025Scaling up Test-Time Compute with Latent Reasoning: A Recurrent Depth Approachcited by 415
- 2025Block Diffusion: Interpolating Between Autoregressive and Diffusion Language Modelscited by 409
- 2025Remasking Discrete Diffusion Models with Inference-Time Scalingcited by 189
- 2025d1: Scaling Reasoning in Diffusion Large Language Models via Reinforcement Learningcited by 186
- 2024Accessing GPT-4 level Mathematical Olympiad Solutions via Monte Carlo Tree Self-refine with LLaMa-3 8Bcited by 158
- 2024Large Concept Models: Language Modeling in a Sentence Representation Spacecited by 89
- 2024CLLMs: Consistency Large Language Modelscited by 72
- 2025Learning Adaptive Parallel Reasoning with Language Modelscited by 58
- 2025Theoretical Benefit and Limitation of Diffusion Language Modelcited by 47
- 2025PENCIL: Long Thoughts with Short Memorycited by 33
- 2025Hogwild! Inference: Parallel LLM Generation via Concurrent Attentioncited by 32
- 2025APE: Faster and Longer Context-Augmented Generation via Adaptive Parallel Encodingcited by 29
- 2025Learning to Keep a Promise: Scaling Language Model Decoding Parallelism with Learned Asynchronous Decodingcited by 28
- 2025Unifying Autoregressive and Diffusion-Based Sequence Generationcited by 17
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Citing papers per year: 2025: 14; 2026: 16.
30 papers.
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- 2025Parallel-R1: Towards Parallel Thinking via Reinforcement Learningcited by 61
- 2025Uni-cot: Towards Unified Chain-of-Thought Reasoning Across Text and Visioncited by 56
- 2025ParaThinker: Native Parallel Thinking as a New Paradigm to Scale LLM Test-time Computecited by 38
- 2026Parallel-Probe: Towards Efficient Parallel Thinking via 2D Probingcited by 14
- 2025Native Parallel Reasoner: Reasoning in Parallelism via Self-Distilled Reinforcement Learningcited by 12
- 2025ASPD: Unlocking Adaptive Serial-Parallel Decoding by Exploring Intrinsic Parallelism in LLMscited by 11
- 2025A Survey on Parallel Reasoningcited by 11
- 2025The Sequential Edge: Inverse-Entropy Voting Beats Parallel Self-Consistency at Matched Computecited by 11
- 2025Planned Diffusioncited by 9
- 2025ThreadWeaver: Adaptive Threading for Efficient Parallel Reasoning in Language Modelscited by 8
- 2025The Era of Agentic Organization: Learning to Organize with Language Modelscited by 7
- 2025Generalized Parallel Scaling with Interdependent Generationscited by 6
18 more
- 2025Training Large Language Models To Reason In Parallel With Global Forking Tokenscited by 6
- 2026Accelerating Structured Chain-of-Thought in Autonomous Vehiclescited by 6
- 2026Multi-Stream LLMs: Unblocking Language Models with Parallel Streams of Thoughts, Inputs and Outputscited by 3
- 2026OpenDeepThink: Parallel Reasoning via Bradley-Terry Aggregationcited by 3
- 2025Sharing State Between Prompts and Programscited by 2
- 2025A2R: An Asymmetric Two-Stage Reasoning Framework for Parallel Reasoningcited by 1
- 2026On the Overscaling Curse of Parallel Thinking: System Efficacy Contradicts Sample Efficiencycited by 1
- 2026Divide-and-Conquer CoT: RL for Reducing Latency via Parallel Reasoningcited by 1
- 2026MedVerse: Efficient and Reliable Medical Reasoning via DAG-Structured Parallel Executioncited by 1
- 2026One-Token Verification for Reasoning Correctness Estimationcited by 1
- 2026LaneRoPE: Positional Encoding for Collaborative Parallel Reasoning and Generationcited by 1
- 2026OPE: Overcoming Information Saturation in Parallel Thinking via Outline-Guided Path Explorationcited by 0
- 2026Visual Para-Thinker: Divide-and-Conquer Reasoning for Visual Comprehensioncited by 0
- 2026Regulating Branch Parallelism in LLM Servingcited by 0
- 2026Second Thought: Reasoning in Parallel as LLM Agents Act and Observecited by 0
- 2026Parason: Revealing Subtask and Trial Parallelism in LLM Reasoningcited by 0
- 2026Line-Coupled Language Modelcited by 0
- 2026LLMs are General Asynchronous Agentscited by 0
- 2026LLMs are General Asynchronous Agents28 Sep 2026
- 2026Line-Coupled Language Model7 Sep 2026
- 2026Parason: Revealing Subtask and Trial Parallelism in LLM Reasoning25 Aug 2026
- 2026Second Thought: Reasoning in Parallel as LLM Agents Act and Observe13 Aug 2026
- 2026LaneRoPE: Positional Encoding for Collaborative Parallel Reasoning and Generation26 May 2026
- 2026OpenDeepThink: Parallel Reasoning via Bradley-Terry Aggregation14 May 2026
- 2026Multi-Stream LLMs: Unblocking Language Models with Parallel Streams of Thoughts, Inputs and Outputs12 May 2026
- 2026Regulating Branch Parallelism in LLM Serving7 May 2026
- 2026One-Token Verification for Reasoning Correctness Estimation1 Mar 2026
- 2026Visual Para-Thinker: Divide-and-Conquer Reasoning for Visual Comprehension10 Feb 2026
- 2026OPE: Overcoming Information Saturation in Parallel Thinking via Outline-Guided Path Exploration9 Feb 2026
- 2026MedVerse: Efficient and Reliable Medical Reasoning via DAG-Structured Parallel Execution7 Feb 2026
18 more
- 2026Parallel-Probe: Towards Efficient Parallel Thinking via 2D Probing3 Feb 2026
- 2026Accelerating Structured Chain-of-Thought in Autonomous Vehicles2 Feb 2026
- 2026Divide-and-Conquer CoT: RL for Reducing Latency via Parallel Reasoning30 Jan 2026
- 2026On the Overscaling Curse of Parallel Thinking: System Efficacy Contradicts Sample Efficiency29 Jan 2026
- 2025Sharing State Between Prompts and Programs16 Dec 2025
- 2025Native Parallel Reasoner: Reasoning in Parallelism via Self-Distilled Reinforcement Learning8 Dec 2025
- 2025ThreadWeaver: Adaptive Threading for Efficient Parallel Reasoning in Language Models24 Nov 2025
- 2025The Sequential Edge: Inverse-Entropy Voting Beats Parallel Self-Consistency at Matched Compute4 Nov 2025
- 2025The Era of Agentic Organization: Learning to Organize with Language Models30 Oct 2025
- 2025Planned Diffusion20 Oct 2025
- 2025A Survey on Parallel Reasoning14 Oct 2025
- 2025Training Large Language Models To Reason In Parallel With Global Forking Tokens1 Oct 2025
- 2025Generalized Parallel Scaling with Interdependent Generations1 Oct 2025
- 2025A2R: An Asymmetric Two-Stage Reasoning Framework for Parallel Reasoning26 Sep 2025
- 2025Parallel-R1: Towards Parallel Thinking via Reinforcement Learning9 Sep 2025
- 2025ParaThinker: Native Parallel Thinking as a New Paradigm to Scale LLM Test-time Compute30 Aug 2025
- 2025ASPD: Unlocking Adaptive Serial-Parallel Decoding by Exploring Intrinsic Parallelism in LLMs12 Aug 2025
- 2025Uni-cot: Towards Unified Chain-of-Thought Reasoning Across Text and Vision7 Aug 2025
- 2025Parallel-R1: Towards Parallel Thinking via Reinforcement Learningcited by 61
- 2025Uni-cot: Towards Unified Chain-of-Thought Reasoning Across Text and Visioncited by 56
- 2025ParaThinker: Native Parallel Thinking as a New Paradigm to Scale LLM Test-time Computecited by 38
- 2025Native Parallel Reasoner: Reasoning in Parallelism via Self-Distilled Reinforcement Learningcited by 12
- 2025A Survey on Parallel Reasoningcited by 11
- 2025The Sequential Edge: Inverse-Entropy Voting Beats Parallel Self-Consistency at Matched Computecited by 11
- 2025ThreadWeaver: Adaptive Threading for Efficient Parallel Reasoning in Language Modelscited by 8
- 2025Training Large Language Models To Reason In Parallel With Global Forking Tokenscited by 6
- 2026Accelerating Structured Chain-of-Thought in Autonomous Vehiclescited by 6
- 2026Multi-Stream LLMs: Unblocking Language Models with Parallel Streams of Thoughts, Inputs and Outputscited by 3
- 2026OpenDeepThink: Parallel Reasoning via Bradley-Terry Aggregationcited by 3
- 2025A2R: An Asymmetric Two-Stage Reasoning Framework for Parallel Reasoningcited by 1
12 most cited of 21 All 21 (JSON)
- 2026Parason: Revealing Subtask and Trial Parallelism in LLM Reasoning25 Aug 2026
- 2026Second Thought: Reasoning in Parallel as LLM Agents Act and Observe13 Aug 2026
- 2026LaneRoPE: Positional Encoding for Collaborative Parallel Reasoning and Generation26 May 2026
- 2026OpenDeepThink: Parallel Reasoning via Bradley-Terry Aggregation14 May 2026
- 2026Multi-Stream LLMs: Unblocking Language Models with Parallel Streams of Thoughts, Inputs and Outputs12 May 2026
- 2026One-Token Verification for Reasoning Correctness Estimation1 Mar 2026
- 2026Visual Para-Thinker: Divide-and-Conquer Reasoning for Visual Comprehension10 Feb 2026
- 2026OPE: Overcoming Information Saturation in Parallel Thinking via Outline-Guided Path Exploration9 Feb 2026
- 2026MedVerse: Efficient and Reliable Medical Reasoning via DAG-Structured Parallel Execution7 Feb 2026
- 2026Accelerating Structured Chain-of-Thought in Autonomous Vehicles2 Feb 2026
- 2026Divide-and-Conquer CoT: RL for Reducing Latency via Parallel Reasoning30 Jan 2026
- 2026On the Overscaling Curse of Parallel Thinking: System Efficacy Contradicts Sample Efficiency29 Jan 2026
12 newest of 21 All 21 (JSON)
- 2025The Era of Agentic Organization: Learning to Organize with Language Modelscited by 7
- 2026LLMs are General Asynchronous Agentscited by 0
- 2026LLMs are General Asynchronous Agents28 Sep 2026
- 2025The Era of Agentic Organization: Learning to Organize with Language Models30 Oct 2025
- 2025Planned Diffusioncited by 9
- 2025Planned Diffusion20 Oct 2025
- 2026Parallel-Probe: Towards Efficient Parallel Thinking via 2D Probingcited by 14
- 2025Generalized Parallel Scaling with Interdependent Generationscited by 6
- 2025Sharing State Between Prompts and Programscited by 2
- 2026Line-Coupled Language Modelcited by 0
- 2026Line-Coupled Language Model7 Sep 2026
- 2026Parallel-Probe: Towards Efficient Parallel Thinking via 2D Probing3 Feb 2026
- 2025Sharing State Between Prompts and Programs16 Dec 2025
- 2025Generalized Parallel Scaling with Interdependent Generations1 Oct 2025
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