mlsanityData to 14 Oct 2026

What makes Reasoning Models Different? Follow the Reasoning Leader for Efficient Decoding

arXiv 2506.06998 ↗First posted 8 Jun 2025cs.CL cs.AI cs.LGcited by 8

On the map: LLM reasoning → Test-time compute and efficient thinking

Abstract (arXiv)

Large reasoning models (LRMs) achieve strong reasoning performance by emitting long chains of thought. Yet, these verbose traces slow down inference and often drift into unnecessary detail, known as the overthinking phenomenon. To better understand LRMs' behavior, we systematically analyze the token-level misalignment between reasoning and non-reasoning models. While it is expected that their primary difference lies in the stylistic "thinking cues", LRMs uniquely exhibit two pivotal, previously under-explored phenomena: a Global Misalignment Rebound, where their divergence from non-reasoning models persists or even grows as response length increases, and more critically, a Local Misalignment Diminish, where the misalignment concentrates at the "thinking cues" each sentence starts with but rapidly declines in the remaining of the sentence. Motivated by the Local Misalignment Diminish, we propose FoReaL-Decoding, a collaborative fast-slow thinking decoding method for cost-quality trade-off. In FoReaL-Decoding, a Leading model leads the first few tokens for each sentence, and then a weaker draft model completes the following tokens to the end of each sentence. FoReaL-Decoding adopts a stochastic gate to smoothly interpolate between the small and the large model. On four popular math-reasoning benchmarks (AIME24, GPQA-Diamond, MATH500, AMC23), FoReaL-Decoding reduces theoretical FLOPs by 30 to 50% and trims CoT length by up to 40%, while preserving 86 to 100% of model performance. These results establish FoReaL-Decoding as a simple, plug-and-play route to controllable cost-quality trade-offs in reasoning-centric tasks.

Key facts. Cited by 8 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Placed in Test-time compute and efficient thinking, one of 17 directions in LLM reasoning. Builds on 34 of its 77 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 8 Jun 2025.

Builds on

34 of 77 references.

Closest ancestors · 8

Same direction, newest first

  1. 2025Missing Premise exacerbates Overthinking: Are Reasoning Models losing Critical Thinking Skill?9 Apr
  2. 2025LightThinker: Thinking Step-by-Step Compression21 Feb
  3. 2025TokenSkip: Controllable Chain-of-Thought Compression in LLMs17 Feb
  4. 2025Reward-Guided Speculative Decoding for Efficient LLM Reasoning31 Jan
  5. 2025Efficient Reasoning with Hidden Thinking31 Jan
  6. 2024Token-Budget-Aware LLM Reasoning24 Dec
  7. 2024What Happened in LLMs Layers when Trained for Fast vs. Slow Thinking: A Gradient Perspective31 Oct
  8. 2024Reasoning Aware Self-Consistency: Leveraging Reasoning Paths for Efficient LLM Sampling30 Aug

Other references · 26

  1. 2023Let's Verify Step by Stepcited by 3,789
  2. 2025Kimi k1.5: Scaling Reinforcement Learning with LLMscited by 1,210
  3. 2023Accelerating Large Language Model Decoding with Speculative Samplingcited by 1,006
  4. 2024Medusa: Simple LLM Inference Acceleration Framework with Multiple Decoding Headscited by 843
  5. 2024Training Large Language Models to Reason in a Continuous Latent Spacecited by 797
  6. 2022Contrastive Decoding: Open-ended Text Generation as Optimizationcited by 609
  7. 2023What Makes Good Data for Alignment? A Comprehensive Study of Automatic Data Selection in Instruction Tuningcited by 364
  8. 2025Chain of Draft: Thinking Faster by Writing Lesscited by 297
  9. 2023The Unlocking Spell on Base LLMs: Rethinking Alignment via In-Context Learningcited by 257
  10. 2025CODI: Compressing Chain-of-Thought into Continuous Space via Self-Distillationcited by 225
  11. 2025When More is Less: Understanding Chain-of-Thought Length in LLMscited by 183
  12. 2024Distilling System 2 into System 1cited by 159
14 more
  1. 2025SoTA with Less: MCTS-Guided Sample Selection for Data-Efficient Visual Reasoning Self-Improvementcited by 145
  2. 2024Fast Best-of-N Decoding via Speculative Rejectioncited by 112
  3. 2024Mementos: A Comprehensive Benchmark for Multimodal Large Language Model Reasoning over Image Sequencescited by 94
  4. 2024Learning to Decode Collaboratively with Multiple Language Modelscited by 62
  5. 2024TurboSpec: Closed-loop Speculation Control System for Optimizing LLM Serving Goodputcited by 37
  6. 2024Scaling Inference-Time Search with Vision Value Model for Improved Visual Comprehensioncited by 23
  7. 2024Superficial Safety Alignment Hypothesiscited by 14
  8. 2024Revisiting the Superficial Alignment Hypothesiscited by 12
  9. 2024RuleR: Improving LLM Controllability by Rule-based Data Recyclingcited by 11
  10. 2024Collaborative decoding of critical tokens for boosting factuality of large language modelscited by 9
  11. 2024Mosaic-IT: Cost-Free Compositional Data Synthesis for Instruction Tuningcited by 9
  12. 2025How Instruction and Reasoning Data shape Post-Training: Data Quality through the Lens of Layer-wise Gradientscited by 8
  13. 2025Extracting and Understanding the Superficial Knowledge in Alignmentcited by 5
  14. 2024Towards Coarse-to-Fine Evaluation of Inference Efficiency for Large Language Modelscited by 3

Built on by

Cited by year (2026 to 14 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2025: 6; 2026: 2.

8 papers.

Similar, not cited

Close in wording, no citation either way

  1. 2025Large Reasoning Models are not thinking straight: on the unreliability of thinking trajectories
  2. 2026Decoding the Critique Mechanism in Large Reasoning Models
  3. 2025Thoughts Are All Over the Place: On the Underthinking of o1-Like LLMs
  4. 2026Thinking Past the Answer: Evaluating Harmful Overthinking in Large Reasoning Models
  5. 2024Calibrating Reasoning in Language Models with Internal Consistency
  6. 2026Thinking effort aligns between humans and reasoning models in abductive reasoning
  7. 2025Beyond Chains of Thought: Benchmarking Latent-Space Reasoning Abilities in Large Language Models
  8. 2026What Matters for Latent Reasoning with Flow Matching