mlsanityData to 14 Oct 2026

C-VARC: A Large-Scale Chinese Value Rule Corpus for Value Alignment of Large Language Models

arXiv 2506.01495 ↗First posted 2 Jun 2025cs.CLcited by 3

On the map: LLM alignment / RLHF / preference optimisation → Human values and AI feedback alignment

Abstract (arXiv)

Aligning LLMs with Chinese values requires culturally grounded resources that connect abstract values to concrete behavioral guidance. We introduce C-VARC, a Chinese Value Rule Corpus containing 257,609 Rules of Thumb (RoTs) organized into three dimensions, 12 core values, and 50 derived values. Among them, 36,000 rules underwent independent human review by two annotators (Cohen's kappa>0.85), with disagreements adjudicated by a third. C-VARC supports reusable rule-driven pipelines for both value evaluation and model alignment. Compared with abstract-value guidance, RoT guidance produces greater semantic and character-level n-gram diversity. Across five non-political sensitive themes, the seven-model average selection rate for C-VARC-consistent options is at least 72.0%, while five Chinese annotators show overall rates of at least 87.5%. Conflicting RoT pairs further enable the construction of 404,505 moral dilemmas, with 7,191 of 10,998 evaluated cases eliciting cross-model disagreement. For alignment, C-VARC-Query consistently outperforms matched Value-only supervision on CMoralEval across both Qwen3-8B and Llama-3.1-8B-Instruct, with average gains of 2.97 and 12.82 percentage points, respectively, and positive paired gains across all three seeds for both backbones. It also improves CValues and C-Eval over Value-only supervision on both backbones. C-VARC thus provides a scalable Chinese normative resource for constructing both value-evaluation and alignment supervision.

Key facts. Cited by 3 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Placed in Human values and AI feedback alignment, one of 10 directions in LLM alignment / RLHF / preference optimisation. Builds on 32 of its 53 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 2 Jun 2025.

Builds on

32 of 53 references.

Closest ancestors · 3

Same direction, newest first

  1. 2025Benchmarking Multi-National Value Alignment for Large Language Models17 Apr
  2. 2023Flames: Benchmarking Value Alignment of LLMs in Chinese12 Nov
  3. 2020Aligning AI With Shared Human Values5 Aug

Other references · 29

  1. 2024The Llama 3 Herd of Modelscited by 14,715
  2. 2019RoBERTa: A Robustly Optimized BERT Pretraining Approachcited by 13,372
  3. 2025DeepSeek-R1: Incentivizing Reasoning Capability in LLMs via Reinforcement Learningcited by 6,330
  4. 2024Qwen2.5 Technical Reportcited by 4,942
  5. 2024GPT-4o System Cardcited by 4,588
  6. 2024Gemini 1.5: Unlocking multimodal understanding across millions of tokens of contextcited by 3,224
  7. 2021TruthfulQA: Measuring How Models Mimic Human Falsehoodscited by 2,975
  8. 2024ChatGLM: A Family of Large Language Models from GLM-130B to GLM-4 All Toolscited by 1,121
  9. 2020MPNet: Masked and Permuted Pre-training for Language Understandingcited by 981
  10. 2021BBQ: A Hand-Built Bias Benchmark for Question Answeringcited by 701
  11. 2022ToxiGen: A Large-Scale Machine-Generated Dataset for Adversarial and Implicit Hate Speech Detectioncited by 422
  12. 2020Social Chemistry 101: Learning to Reason about Social and Moral Normscited by 255
17 more
  1. 2023A Comprehensive Capability Analysis of GPT-3 and GPT-3.5 Series Modelscited by 246
  2. 2023Large Language Model Alignment: A Surveycited by 243
  3. 2020Moral Stories: Situated Reasoning about Norms, Intents, Actions, and their Consequencescited by 135
  4. 2023Generative Language Models Exhibit Social Identity Biasescited by 111
  5. 2022ProsocialDialog: A Prosocial Backbone for Conversational Agentscited by 109
  6. 2020Scruples: A Corpus of Community Ethical Judgments on 32,000 Real-Life Anecdotescited by 101
  7. 2022The Moral Integrity Corpus: A Benchmark for Ethical Dialogue Systemscited by 93
  8. 2022When to Make Exceptions: Exploring Language Models as Accounts of Human Moral Judgmentcited by 93
  9. 2023CValues: Measuring the Values of Chinese Large Language Models from Safety to Responsibilitycited by 85
  10. 2023AlignBench: Benchmarking Chinese Alignment of Large Language Modelscited by 68
  11. 2023NormBank: A Knowledge Bank of Situational Social Normscited by 60
  12. 2022The Moral Foundations Reddit Corpuscited by 21
  13. 2021Ethics of AI: A Systematic Literature Review of Principles and Challengescited by 18
  14. 2024CIVICS: Building a Dataset for Examining Culturally-Informed Values in Large Language Modelscited by 16
  15. 2024Decoding Multilingual Moral Preferences: Unveiling LLM's Biases Through the Moral Machine Experimentcited by 11
  16. 2024Evaluating Moral Beliefs across LLMs through a Pluralistic Frameworkcited by 11
  17. 2024CMoralEval: A Moral Evaluation Benchmark for Chinese Large Language Modelscited by 10

Built on by

Cited by year (2026 to 14 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2026: 3.

3 papers.

  1. 2026Positive Alignment: Artificial Intelligence for Human Flourishingcited by 5
  2. 2026LKValues: Aligning Large Language Models with Sri Lankan Societal Valuescited by 1
  3. 2026Pancasila-Dilemmas: Evaluating Large Language Models on Indonesian Human Value Dilemmas Grounded in Pancasilacited by 0

Similar, not cited

Close in wording, no citation either way

  1. 2025Cultural Value Alignment in Large Language Models: A Prompt-based Analysis of Schwartz Values in Gemini, ChatGPT, and DeepSeek
  2. 2026VC-Soup: Value-Consistency Guided Multi-Value Alignment for Large Language Models
  3. 2024Exploring Multilingual Concepts of Human Value in Large Language Models: Is Value Alignment Consistent, Transferable and Controllable across Languages?
  4. 2025Diverse Human Value Alignment for Large Language Models via Ethical Reasoning
  5. 2025DiverValue-Bench: A Benchmark and Fine-Tuning Framework for Aligning Large Language Models with Diverse Human Values
  6. 2026Beyond Value Benchmarks: Measuring Value-Structure Alignment in Large Language Models via Symmetric Q-Sorts
  7. 2026VALUEFLOW: Toward Pluralistic and Steerable Value-based Alignment in Large Language Models
  8. 2024LocalValueBench: A Collaboratively Built and Extensible Benchmark for Evaluating Localized Value Alignment and Ethical Safety in Large Language Models