mlsanityData to 14 Oct 2026

MemOS: An Operating System for Memory-Augmented Generation (MAG) in Large Language Models

arXiv 2505.22101 ↗First posted 28 May 2025cs.CLcited by 73

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Cited by 39 in LLM agents and tool use, but placed by its own abstract, which didn’t fit.

Abstract (arXiv)

Large Language Models (LLMs) have emerged as foundational infrastructure in the pursuit of Artificial General Intelligence (AGI). Despite their remarkable capabilities in language perception and generation, current LLMs fundamentally lack a unified and structured architecture for handling memory. They primarily rely on parametric memory (knowledge encoded in model weights) and ephemeral activation memory (context-limited runtime states). While emerging methods like Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) incorporate plaintext memory, they lack lifecycle management and multi-modal integration, limiting their capacity for long-term knowledge evolution. To address this, we introduce MemOS, a memory operating system designed for LLMs that, for the first time, elevates memory to a first-class operational resource. It builds unified mechanisms for representation, organization, and governance across three core memory types: parametric, activation, and plaintext. At its core is the MemCube, a standardized memory abstraction that enables tracking, fusion, and migration of heterogeneous memory, while offering structured, traceable access across tasks and contexts. MemOS establishes a memory-centric execution framework with strong controllability, adaptability, and evolvability. It fills a critical gap in current LLM infrastructure and lays the groundwork for continual adaptation, personalized intelligence, and cross-platform coordination in next-generation intelligent systems.

Key facts. Cited by 73 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 36 of its 38 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 28 May 2025.

Builds on

36 of 38 references.

References · 36

  1. 2018BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understandingcited by 40,399
  2. 2020Language Models are Few-Shot Learnerscited by 32,419
  3. 2022Training language models to follow instructions with human feedbackcited by 15,971
  4. 2021LoRA: Low-Rank Adaptation of Large Language Modelscited by 14,380
  5. 2023Efficient Memory Management for Large Language Model Serving with PagedAttentioncited by 5,944
  6. 2023Lost in the Middle: How Language Models Use Long Contextscited by 3,455
  7. 2022Locating and Editing Factual Associations in GPTcited by 2,691
  8. 2023A Survey of Large Language Modelscited by 2,576
  9. 2023Retrieval-Augmented Generation for Large Language Models: A Surveycited by 2,212
  10. 2024From Local to Global: A Graph RAG Approach to Query-Focused Summarizationcited by 1,453
  11. 2023MemGPT: Towards LLMs as Operating Systemscited by 1,389
  12. 2022Mass-Editing Memory in a Transformercited by 1,001
24 more
  1. 2023Steering Language Models With Activation Engineeringcited by 922
  2. 2019Generalization through Memorization: Nearest Neighbor Language Modelscited by 800
  3. 2023Distilling Step-by-Step! Outperforming Larger Language Models with Less Training Data and Smaller Model Sizescited by 737
  4. 2021Editing Factual Knowledge in Language Modelscited by 553
  5. 2024Retrieval-Augmented Generation for AI-Generated Content: A Surveycited by 354
  6. 2023Explainability for Large Language Models: A Surveycited by 333
  7. 2024LightRAG: Simple and Fast Retrieval-Augmented Generationcited by 315
  8. 2024HippoRAG: Neurobiologically Inspired Long-Term Memory for Large Language Modelscited by 281
  9. 2024AlphaEdit: Null-Space Constrained Knowledge Editing for Language Modelscited by 236
  10. 2022Extracting Latent Steering Vectors from Pretrained Language Modelscited by 225
  11. 2024A Comprehensive Study of Knowledge Editing for Large Language Modelscited by 163
  12. 2023Walking Down the Memory Maze: Beyond Context Limit through Interactive Readingcited by 133
  13. 2025From Human Memory to AI Memory: A Survey on Memory Mechanisms in the Era of LLMscited by 124
  14. 2024Adaptive Activation Steering: A Tuning-Free LLM Truthfulness Improvement Method for Diverse Hallucinations Categoriescited by 77
  15. 2024Get More with LESS: Synthesizing Recurrence with KV Cache Compression for Efficient LLM Inferencecited by 75
  16. 2025Parametric Retrieval Augmented Generationcited by 38
  17. 2025Rethinking Memory in LLM based Agents: Representations, Operations, and Emerging Topicscited by 36
  18. 2025Cognitive Memory in Large Language Modelscited by 29
  19. 2025NodeRAG: Structuring Graph-based RAG with Heterogeneous Nodescited by 26
  20. 2025Dynamic Parametric Retrieval Augmented Generation for Test-time Knowledge Enhancementcited by 25
  21. 2025BiasEdit: Debiasing Stereotyped Language Models via Model Editingcited by 18
  22. 2024Empowering Large Language Models to Set up a Knowledge Retrieval Indexer via Self-Learningcited by 13
  23. 2025EasyEdit2: An Easy-to-use Steering Framework for Editing Large Language Modelscited by 7
  24. 2025HeteRAG: A Heterogeneous Retrieval-augmented Generation Framework with Decoupled Knowledge Representationscited by 6

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Cited by year (2026 to 14 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2025: 15; 2026: 58.

73 papers.

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  1. 2025Memory in the Age of AI Agentscited by 303
  2. 2025ReasoningBank: Scaling Agent Self-Evolving with Reasoning Memorycited by 284
  3. 2025LightMem: Lightweight and Efficient Memory-Augmented Generationcited by 180
  4. 2026SimpleMem: Efficient Lifelong Memory for LLM Agentscited by 149
  5. 2025Evo-Memory: Benchmarking LLM Agent Test-time Learning with Self-Evolving Memorycited by 136
  6. 2026MemRL: Self-Evolving Agents via Runtime Reinforcement Learning on Episodic Memorycited by 129
  7. 2025A Survey of Context Engineering for Large Language Modelscited by 126
  8. 2025AgentFold: Long-Horizon Web Agents with Proactive Context Managementcited by 103
  9. 2025PersonaMem-v2: Towards Personalized Intelligence via Learning Implicit User Personas and Agentic Memorycited by 88
  10. 2026A Survey of Agentic Reasoning for Large Language Models: Towards Recursively Self-Improving and Collective Agentscited by 50
  11. 2026TiMem: Temporal-Hierarchical Memory Consolidation for Long-Horizon Conversational Agentscited by 31
  12. 2025A Simple Yet Strong Baseline for Long-Term Conversational Memory of LLM Agentscited by 21
38 more
  1. 2025Sculptor: Empowering LLMs with Cognitive Agency via Active Context Managementcited by 18
  2. 2026Mem-T: Densifying Rewards for Long-Horizon Memory Agentscited by 18
  3. 2026MemMachine: A Ground-Truth-Preserving Memory System for Personalized AI Agentscited by 16
  4. 2026MemMark: State-Evolution Attribution Watermarking for Agent Long-Term Memory Systemscited by 16
  5. 2026ContextBudget: Budget-Aware Context Management for Long-Horizon Search Agentscited by 14
  6. 2026MemoBrain: Executive Memory as an Agentic Brain for Reasoningcited by 13
  7. 2026NextMem: Towards Latent Factual Memory for LLM-based Agentscited by 12
  8. 2025VTCBench: Can Vision-Language Models Understand Long Context with Vision-Text Compression?cited by 11
  9. 2026Goal2Skill: Long-Horizon Manipulation with Adaptive Planning and Reflectioncited by 11
  10. 2026Memory-R2: Fair Credit Assignment for Long-Horizon Memory-Augmented LLM Agentscited by 10
  11. 2026Decentralized Multi-Agent Systems with Shared Contextcited by 10
  12. 2026SWE Context Bench: A Benchmark for Context Learning in Codingcited by 9
  13. 2026When to Memorize and When to Stop: Gated Recurrent Memory for Long-Context Reasoningcited by 9
  14. 2026All-Mem: Agentic Lifelong Memory via Dynamic Topology Evolutioncited by 9
  15. 2026SuperLocalMemory: Privacy-Preserving Multi-Agent Memory with Bayesian Trust Defense Against Memory Poisoningcited by 7
  16. 2026MemLens: Benchmarking Multimodal Long-Term Memory in Large Vision-Language Modelscited by 7
  17. 2026User as Code: Executable Memory for Personalized Agentscited by 7
  18. 2026ActMem: Bridging the Gap Between Memory Retrieval and Reasoning in LLM Agentscited by 6
  19. 2026Simplified Sparse Attention via Gist Tokenscited by 6
  20. 2026Contextual Agentic Memory is a Memo, Not True Memorycited by 6
  21. 2026MemTrace: Tracing and Attributing Errors in Large Language Model Memory Systemscited by 6
  22. 2025Multi-level Value Alignment in Agentic AI Systems: Survey and Perspectivescited by 5
  23. 2025EgoMem: Lifelong Memory Agent for Full-duplex Omnimodal Modelscited by 5
  24. 2026SwiftMem: Fast Agentic Memory via Query-aware Indexingcited by 5
  25. 2026Complementary RL: Towards Efficient Experience-Driven Agent Learningcited by 5
  26. 2026LLMs Can't Play Hangman: On the Necessity of a Private Working Memory for Language Agentscited by 4
  27. 2026Meta-Cognitive Memory Policy Optimization for Long-Horizon LLM Agentscited by 4
  28. 2026Learning While Acting: A Skill-Enhanced Test-Time Co-Evolution Framework for Online Lifelong Learning Agentscited by 4
  29. 2026Experience Makes Skillful: Enabling Generalizable Medical Agent Reasoning via Self-Evolving Skill Memorycited by 4
  30. 2026Recalling Too Well: Sycophancy Evaluation and Mitigation in Memory-Augmented Modelscited by 4
  31. 2026When Stored Evidence Stops Being Usable: Scale-Conditioned Evaluation of Agent Memorycited by 3
  32. 2026User as Engram: Internalizing Per-User Memory as Local Parametric Editscited by 3
  33. 2026LycheeMemory V2: Efficient Long-Term Memory for LLM Agents via Semantic Segment-Level Consolidationcited by 3
  34. 2025CogMem: A Cognitive Memory Architecture for Sustained Multi-Turn Reasoning in Large Language Modelscited by 2
  35. 2026Decocted Experience Improves Test-Time Inference in LLM Agentscited by 2
  36. 2026MedMemoryBench: Benchmarking Agent Memory in Personalized Healthcarecited by 2
  37. 2026SAGE: A Self-Evolving Agentic Graph-Memory Engine for Structure-Aware Associative Memorycited by 2
  38. 2026PersonaTree: Structured Lifecycle Memory for Person Understanding in LLM Agentscited by 2

50 most cited of 73 All 73 (JSON)

Similar, not cited

Close in wording, no citation either way

  1. 2025MemOS: A Memory OS for AI System
  2. 2026Continuum Memory Architectures for Long-Horizon LLM Agents
  3. 2024Memory3: Language Modeling with Explicit Memory
  4. 2026Evaluating Memory Structure in LLM Agents
  5. 2025Memory in Large Language Models: Mechanisms, Evaluation and Evolution
  6. 2025MMAG: Mixed Memory-Augmented Generation for Large Language Models Applications
  7. 2026UMEM: Unified Memory Extraction and Management Framework for Generalizable Memory
  8. 2024AI-native Memory: A Pathway from LLMs Towards AGI