Group Think: Multiple Concurrent Reasoning Agents Collaborating at Token Level Granularity
On the map: LLM reasoning → Test-time compute and efficient thinking
also in 1 more
Abstract (arXiv)
Recent advances in large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated the power of reasoning through self-generated chains of thought. Multiple reasoning agents can collaborate to raise joint reasoning quality above individual outcomes. However, such agents typically interact in a turn-based manner, trading increased latency for improved quality. In this paper, we propose Group Think--a single LLM that acts as multiple concurrent reasoning agents, or thinkers. With shared visibility into each other's partial generation progress, Group Think introduces a new concurrent-reasoning paradigm in which multiple reasoning trajectories adapt dynamically to one another at the token level. For example, a reasoning thread may shift its generation mid-sentence upon detecting that another thread is better positioned to continue. This fine-grained, token-level collaboration enables Group Think to reduce redundant reasoning and improve quality while achieving significantly lower latency. Moreover, its concurrent nature allows for efficient utilization of idle computational resources, making it especially suitable for edge inference, where very small batch size often underutilizes local~GPUs. We give a simple and generalizable modification that enables any existing LLM to perform Group Think on a local GPU. We also present an evaluation strategy to benchmark reasoning latency and empirically demonstrate latency improvements using open-source LLMs that were not explicitly trained for Group Think. We hope this work paves the way for future LLMs to exhibit more sophisticated and more efficient collaborative behavior for higher quality generation.
Key facts. Cited by 22 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Placed in Test-time compute and efficient thinking, one of 17 directions in LLM reasoning. Builds on 16 of its 40 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 16 May 2025.
Builds on
16 of 40 references.
Closest ancestors · 7
Same direction, newest first
- 2025Learning Adaptive Parallel Reasoning with Language Models21 Apr
- 2025When To Solve, When To Verify: Compute-Optimal Problem Solving and Generative Verification for LLM Reasoning1 Apr
- 2025A Survey on Test-Time Scaling in Large Language Models: What, How, Where, and How Well?31 Mar
- 2025Sample, Scrutinize and Scale: Effective Inference-Time Search by Scaling Verification3 Feb
- 2025A Survey of Test-Time Compute: From Intuitive Inference to Deliberate Reasoning5 Jan
- 2024Marco-o1: Towards Open Reasoning Models for Open-Ended Solutions21 Nov
- 2023Large Language Model Guided Tree-of-Thought15 May
Other references · 9
- 2024Large Language Monkeys: Scaling Inference Compute with Repeated Samplingcited by 991
- 2024Large Language Models: A Surveycited by 525
- 2024Mixture-of-Agents Enhances Large Language Model Capabilitiescited by 438
- 2025Multi-Agent Collaboration Mechanisms: A Survey of LLMscited by 431
- 2023Cumulative Reasoning with Large Language Modelscited by 94
- 2023Towards Reasoning in Large Language Models via Multi-Agent Peer Review Collaborationcited by 51
- 2025Hogwild! Inference: Parallel LLM Generation via Concurrent Attentioncited by 32
- 2025When One LLM Drools, Multi-LLM Collaboration Rulescited by 28
- 2025Learning to Keep a Promise: Scaling Language Model Decoding Parallelism with Learned Asynchronous Decodingcited by 28
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Citing papers per year: 2025: 12; 2026: 10.
22 papers.
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- 2025Parallel-R1: Towards Parallel Thinking via Reinforcement Learningcited by 61
- 2026Parallel-Probe: Towards Efficient Parallel Thinking via 2D Probingcited by 14
- 2025ASPD: Unlocking Adaptive Serial-Parallel Decoding by Exploring Intrinsic Parallelism in LLMscited by 11
- 2025A Survey on Parallel Reasoningcited by 11
- 2025iMAD: Intelligent Multi-Agent Debate for Efficient and Accurate LLM Inferencecited by 10
- 2025Benefits and Limitations of Communication in Multi-Agent Reasoningcited by 7
- 2025The Era of Agentic Organization: Learning to Organize with Language Modelscited by 7
- 2025Asynchronous Reasoning: Training-Free Interactive Thinking LLMscited by 7
- 2026Stop When Reasoning Converges: Semantic-Preserving Early Exit for Reasoning Modelscited by 7
- 2025Generalized Parallel Scaling with Interdependent Generationscited by 6
- 2026Multi-Stream LLMs: Unblocking Language Models with Parallel Streams of Thoughts, Inputs and Outputscited by 3
- 2025Towards Ethical Multi-Agent Systems of Large Language Models: A Mechanistic Interpretability Perspectivecited by 1
10 more
- 2026One-Token Verification for Reasoning Correctness Estimationcited by 1
- 2026LaneRoPE: Positional Encoding for Collaborative Parallel Reasoning and Generationcited by 1
- 2025A Note on Code Quality Score: LLMs for Maintainable Large Codebasescited by 0
- 2025Parallel Decoder Transformer: Planner-Conditioned Latent Coordination for Model-Intrinsic Parallel Generationcited by 0
- 2025Emergence: Overcoming Privileged Information Bias in Asymmetric Embodied Agents via Active Queryingcited by 0
- 2026Efficient Reasoning on the Edgecited by 0
- 2026LACE: Lattice Attention for Cross-thread Explorationcited by 0
- 2026Streaming Communication in Multi-Agent Reasoningcited by 0
- 2026Second Thought: Reasoning in Parallel as LLM Agents Act and Observecited by 0
- 2026Line-Coupled Language Modelcited by 0
- 2026Line-Coupled Language Model7 Sep 2026
- 2026Second Thought: Reasoning in Parallel as LLM Agents Act and Observe13 Aug 2026
- 2026Streaming Communication in Multi-Agent Reasoning3 Jun 2026
- 2026LaneRoPE: Positional Encoding for Collaborative Parallel Reasoning and Generation26 May 2026
- 2026Stop When Reasoning Converges: Semantic-Preserving Early Exit for Reasoning Models17 May 2026
- 2026Multi-Stream LLMs: Unblocking Language Models with Parallel Streams of Thoughts, Inputs and Outputs12 May 2026
- 2026LACE: Lattice Attention for Cross-thread Exploration16 Apr 2026
- 2026Efficient Reasoning on the Edge17 Mar 2026
- 2026One-Token Verification for Reasoning Correctness Estimation1 Mar 2026
- 2026Parallel-Probe: Towards Efficient Parallel Thinking via 2D Probing3 Feb 2026
- 2025Emergence: Overcoming Privileged Information Bias in Asymmetric Embodied Agents via Active Querying13 Dec 2025
- 2025Asynchronous Reasoning: Training-Free Interactive Thinking LLMs11 Dec 2025
10 more
- 2025Parallel Decoder Transformer: Planner-Conditioned Latent Coordination for Model-Intrinsic Parallel Generation10 Dec 2025
- 2025Towards Ethical Multi-Agent Systems of Large Language Models: A Mechanistic Interpretability Perspective4 Dec 2025
- 2025iMAD: Intelligent Multi-Agent Debate for Efficient and Accurate LLM Inference14 Nov 2025
- 2025The Era of Agentic Organization: Learning to Organize with Language Models30 Oct 2025
- 2025Benefits and Limitations of Communication in Multi-Agent Reasoning14 Oct 2025
- 2025A Survey on Parallel Reasoning14 Oct 2025
- 2025Generalized Parallel Scaling with Interdependent Generations1 Oct 2025
- 2025Parallel-R1: Towards Parallel Thinking via Reinforcement Learning9 Sep 2025
- 2025ASPD: Unlocking Adaptive Serial-Parallel Decoding by Exploring Intrinsic Parallelism in LLMs12 Aug 2025
- 2025A Note on Code Quality Score: LLMs for Maintainable Large Codebases1 Aug 2025
- 2025Parallel-R1: Towards Parallel Thinking via Reinforcement Learningcited by 61
- 2025A Survey on Parallel Reasoningcited by 11
- 2025Benefits and Limitations of Communication in Multi-Agent Reasoningcited by 7
- 2025Asynchronous Reasoning: Training-Free Interactive Thinking LLMscited by 7
- 2026Stop When Reasoning Converges: Semantic-Preserving Early Exit for Reasoning Modelscited by 7
- 2026Multi-Stream LLMs: Unblocking Language Models with Parallel Streams of Thoughts, Inputs and Outputscited by 3
- 2026One-Token Verification for Reasoning Correctness Estimationcited by 1
- 2026LaneRoPE: Positional Encoding for Collaborative Parallel Reasoning and Generationcited by 1
- 2025Emergence: Overcoming Privileged Information Bias in Asymmetric Embodied Agents via Active Queryingcited by 0
- 2026Efficient Reasoning on the Edgecited by 0
- 2026Streaming Communication in Multi-Agent Reasoningcited by 0
- 2026Second Thought: Reasoning in Parallel as LLM Agents Act and Observecited by 0
- 2026Second Thought: Reasoning in Parallel as LLM Agents Act and Observe13 Aug 2026
- 2026Streaming Communication in Multi-Agent Reasoning3 Jun 2026
- 2026LaneRoPE: Positional Encoding for Collaborative Parallel Reasoning and Generation26 May 2026
- 2026Stop When Reasoning Converges: Semantic-Preserving Early Exit for Reasoning Models17 May 2026
- 2026Multi-Stream LLMs: Unblocking Language Models with Parallel Streams of Thoughts, Inputs and Outputs12 May 2026
- 2026Efficient Reasoning on the Edge17 Mar 2026
- 2026One-Token Verification for Reasoning Correctness Estimation1 Mar 2026
- 2025Emergence: Overcoming Privileged Information Bias in Asymmetric Embodied Agents via Active Querying13 Dec 2025
- 2025Asynchronous Reasoning: Training-Free Interactive Thinking LLMs11 Dec 2025
- 2025Benefits and Limitations of Communication in Multi-Agent Reasoning14 Oct 2025
- 2025A Survey on Parallel Reasoning14 Oct 2025
- 2025Parallel-R1: Towards Parallel Thinking via Reinforcement Learning9 Sep 2025
- 2026Parallel-Probe: Towards Efficient Parallel Thinking via 2D Probingcited by 14
- 2025Generalized Parallel Scaling with Interdependent Generationscited by 6
- 2025A Note on Code Quality Score: LLMs for Maintainable Large Codebasescited by 0
- 2025Parallel Decoder Transformer: Planner-Conditioned Latent Coordination for Model-Intrinsic Parallel Generationcited by 0
- 2026LACE: Lattice Attention for Cross-thread Explorationcited by 0
- 2026Line-Coupled Language Modelcited by 0
- 2026Line-Coupled Language Model7 Sep 2026
- 2026LACE: Lattice Attention for Cross-thread Exploration16 Apr 2026
- 2026Parallel-Probe: Towards Efficient Parallel Thinking via 2D Probing3 Feb 2026
- 2025Parallel Decoder Transformer: Planner-Conditioned Latent Coordination for Model-Intrinsic Parallel Generation10 Dec 2025
- 2025Generalized Parallel Scaling with Interdependent Generations1 Oct 2025
- 2025A Note on Code Quality Score: LLMs for Maintainable Large Codebases1 Aug 2025
Similar, not cited
Close in wording, no citation either way
- 2025ParaThinker: Native Parallel Thinking as a New Paradigm to Scale LLM Test-time Compute
- 2025Two Heads are Better Than One: Test-time Scaling of Multi-agent Collaborative Reasoning
- 2025Optimizing Sequential Multi-Step Tasks with Parallel LLM Agents
- 2023Corex: Pushing the Boundaries of Complex Reasoning through Multi-Model Collaboration
- 2025Adaptive Coopetition: Leveraging Coarse Verifier Signals for Resilient Multi-Agent LLM Reasoning
- 2025Adaptive Termination for Multi-round Parallel Reasoning: An Universal Semantic Entropy-Guided Framework
- 2026RelayLLM: Efficient Reasoning via Collaborative Decoding
- 2026Tandem: Riding Together with Large and Small Language Models for Efficient Reasoning