mlsanityData to 14 Oct 2026

WaveGuard: Robust Deepfake Detection and Source Tracing via Dual-Tree Complex Wavelet and Graph Neural Networks

arXiv 2505.08614 ↗First posted 13 May 2025cs.CVcited by 5

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Abstract (arXiv)

Deepfake technology poses increasing risks such as privacy invasion and identity theft. To address these threats, we propose WaveGuard, a proactive watermarking framework that enhances robustness and imperceptibility via frequency-domain embedding and graph-based structural consistency. Specifically, we embed watermarks into high-frequency sub-bands using Dual-Tree Complex Wavelet Transform (DT-CWT) and employ a Structural Consistency Graph Neural Network (SC-GNN) to preserve visual quality. We also design an attention module to refine embedding precision. Experimental results on face swap and reenactment tasks demonstrate that WaveGuard outperforms state-of-the-art methods in both robustness and visual quality. Code is available at https://github.com/vpsg-research/WaveGuard.

Key facts. Cited by 5 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 32 of its 68 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 13 May 2025.

Builds on

32 of 68 references.

References · 32

  1. 2014Adam: A Method for Stochastic Optimizationcited by 37,240
  2. 2019PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Librarycited by 20,305
  3. 2017Progressive Growing of GANs for Improved Quality, Stability, and Variationcited by 2,988
  4. 2018CBAM: Convolutional Block Attention Modulecited by 2,477
  5. 2019FaceForensics++: Learning to Detect Manipulated Facial Imagescited by 1,101
  6. 2019StarGAN v2: Diverse Image Synthesis for Multiple Domainscited by 1,098
  7. 2019MaskGAN: Towards Diverse and Interactive Facial Image Manipulationcited by 628
  8. 2019Celeb-DF: A Large-scale Challenging Dataset for DeepFake Forensicscited by 575
  9. 2020Thinking in Frequency: Face Forgery Detection by Mining Frequency-aware Cluescited by 523
  10. 2018HiDDeN: Hiding Data With Deep Networkscited by 397
  11. 2018Exposing DeepFake Videos By Detecting Face Warping Artifactscited by 319
  12. 2019StegaStamp: Invisible Hyperlinks in Physical Photographscited by 265
20 more
  1. 2021SimSwap: An Efficient Framework For High Fidelity Face Swappingcited by 243
  2. 2020Artificial Fingerprinting for Generative Models: Rooting Deepfake Attribution in Training Datacited by 201
  3. 2018GANimation: Anatomically-aware Facial Animation from a Single Imagecited by 161
  4. 2019FakeCatcher: Detection of Synthetic Portrait Videos using Biological Signalscited by 145
  5. 2023EditGuard: Versatile Image Watermarking for Tamper Localization and Copyright Protectioncited by 111
  6. 2021MBRS : Enhancing Robustness of DNN-based Watermarking by Mini-Batch of Real and Simulated JPEG Compressioncited by 110
  7. 2021HifiFace: 3D Shape and Semantic Prior Guided High Fidelity Face Swappingcited by 92
  8. 2020Responsible Disclosure of Generative Models Using Scalable Fingerprintingcited by 91
  9. 2020Disrupting Deepfakes: Adversarial Attacks Against Conditional Image Translation Networks and Facial Manipulation Systemscited by 65
  10. 2022Towards Blind Watermarking: Combining Invertible and Non-invertible Mechanismscited by 61
  11. 2021CMUA-Watermark: A Cross-Model Universal Adversarial Watermark for Combating Deepfakescited by 56
  12. 2022Deepfake Detection: A Comprehensive Survey from the Reliability Perspectivecited by 50
  13. 2023SepMark: Deep Separable Watermarking for Unified Source Tracing and Deepfake Detectioncited by 44
  14. 2022Anti-Forgery: Towards a Stealthy and Robust DeepFake Disruption Attack via Adversarial Perceptual-aware Perturbationscited by 39
  15. 2021TAFIM: Targeted Adversarial Attacks against Facial Image Manipulationscited by 26
  16. 2024LampMark: Proactive Deepfake Detection via Training-Free Landmark Perceptual Watermarkscited by 21
  17. 2023Robust Identity Perceptual Watermark Against Deepfake Face Swappingcited by 17
  18. 2021FaceGuard: Proactive Deepfake Detectioncited by 16
  19. 2024FSRT: Facial Scene Representation Transformer for Face Reenactment from Factorized Appearance, Head-pose, and Facial Expression Featurescited by 14
  20. 2024Are Watermarks Bugs for Deepfake Detectors? Rethinking Proactive Forensicscited by 13

Built on by

Cited by year (2026 to 14 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2025: 1; 2026: 4.

5 papers.

  1. 2025Boosting Active Defense Persistence: A Two-Stage Defense Framework Combining Interruption and Poisoning Against Deepfakecited by 2
  2. 2026All in One: Unifying Deepfake Detection, Tampering Localization, and Source Tracing with a Robust Landmark-Identity Watermarkcited by 2
  3. 2026Whether, Which, and Whose: Solving the Triple Challenge of Deepfake Proactive Forensics in Multi-Face Scenarioscited by 0
  4. 2026GIFGuard: Proactive Forensics against Deepfakes in Facial GIFs via Spatiotemporal Watermarkingcited by 0
  5. 2026Adaptive Equilibrium: Dynamic Weighting Framework for Generalized Interruption of DeepFake Modelscited by 0

Similar, not cited

Close in wording, no citation either way

  1. 2024WAVES: Benchmarking the Robustness of Image Watermarks
  2. 2021Exploring Structure Consistency for Deep Model Watermarking
  3. 2022FaceSigns: Semi-Fragile Neural Watermarks for Media Authentication and Countering Deepfakes
  4. 2024Wavelet-Driven Generalizable Framework for Deepfake Face Forgery Detection
  5. 2025Uncovering and Mitigating Destructive Multi-Embedding Attacks in Deepfake Proactive Forensics
  6. 2026AWPD: Frequency Shield Network for Agnostic Watermark Presence Detection
  7. 2026WaveMark: Robust Wavelet-Domain Image Watermarking for Diffusion Models
  8. 2024Facial Features Matter: a Dynamic Watermark based Proactive Deepfake Detection Approach