mlsanityData to 14 Oct 2026

Aligning Language Models for Icelandic Legal Text Summarization

arXiv 2504.18180 ↗First posted 25 Apr 2025cs.CL cs.AI cs.LGcited by 1

On the map: LLM alignment / RLHF / preference optimisation → Human values and AI feedback alignment

Abstract (arXiv)

The integration of language models in the legal domain holds considerable promise for streamlining processes and improving efficiency in managing extensive workloads. However, the specialized terminology, nuanced language, and formal style of legal texts can present substantial challenges. This study examines whether preference-based training techniques, specifically Reinforcement Learning from Human Feedback and Direct Preference Optimization, can enhance models' performance in generating Icelandic legal summaries that align with domain-specific language standards and user preferences. We compare models fine-tuned with preference training to those using conventional supervised learning. Results indicate that preference training improves the legal accuracy of generated summaries over standard fine-tuning but does not significantly enhance the overall quality of Icelandic language usage. Discrepancies between automated metrics and human evaluations further underscore the importance of qualitative assessment in developing language models for the legal domain.

Key facts. Cited by 1 paper in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Placed in Human values and AI feedback alignment, one of 10 directions in LLM alignment / RLHF / preference optimisation. Builds on 16 of its 35 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 25 Apr 2025.

Builds on

16 of 35 references.

Closest ancestors · 1

Same direction, newest first

  1. 2020Learning to summarize from human feedback2 Sep

Other references · 15

  1. 2017Attention Is All You Needcited by 60,361
  2. 2020Language Models are Few-Shot Learnerscited by 32,419
  3. 2022Training language models to follow instructions with human feedbackcited by 15,971
  4. 2019RoBERTa: A Robustly Optimized BERT Pretraining Approachcited by 13,372
  5. 2020Retrieval-Augmented Generation for Knowledge-Intensive NLP Taskscited by 9,297
  6. 2023Direct Preference Optimization: Your Language Model is Secretly a Reward Modelcited by 8,065
  7. 2017Deep reinforcement learning from human preferencescited by 3,912
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  10. 2022Legal Prompting: Teaching a Language Model to Think Like a Lawyercited by 60
  11. 2022Legal Prompt Engineering for Multilingual Legal Judgement Predictioncited by 55
  12. 2021Measuring Law Over Time: A Network Analytical Framework with an Application to Statutes and Regulations in the United States and Germanycited by 17
3 more
  1. 2022A Warm Start and a Clean Crawled Corpus -- A Recipe for Good Language Modelscited by 13
  2. 2020Complex Societies and the Growth of the Lawcited by 12
  3. 2020Language Technology Programme for Icelandic 2019-2023cited by 6

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Cited by year (2026 to 14 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2026: 1.

1 paper.

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Close in wording, no citation either way

  1. 2026PoliLegalLM: A Technical Report on a Large Language Model for Political and Legal Affairs
  2. 2026LexReward: A Taxonomy-Driven Reward Framework for Legal Language Models
  3. 2025Modeling Motivated Reasoning in Law: Evaluating Strategic Role Conditioning in LLM Summarization
  4. 2026LegalRewardBench: Benchmarking Reward Models for Legal Preference Evaluation
  5. 2025Aplicacc~ao de Large Language Models na An'alise e S'intese de Documentos Jur'idicos: Uma Revis~ao de Literatura
  6. 2025Evaluating the Limits of Large Language Models in Multilingual Legal Reasoning
  7. 2023One Law, Many Languages: Benchmarking Multilingual Legal Reasoning for Judicial Support
  8. 2026UA-Legal-Bench: A Benchmark for Evaluating Large Language Models on Ukrainian Legal Reasoning