mlsanityData to 14 Oct 2026

VCR-Bench: A Comprehensive Evaluation Framework for Video Chain-of-Thought Reasoning

arXiv 2504.07956 ↗First posted 10 Apr 2025cs.CV cs.AI cs.CLcited by 42

On the map: LLM reasoning → Multimodal reasoning

also in 1 more
Abstract (arXiv)

The advancement of Chain-of-Thought (CoT) reasoning has significantly enhanced the capabilities of large language models (LLMs) and large vision-language models (LVLMs). However, a rigorous evaluation framework for video CoT reasoning remains absent. Current video benchmarks fail to adequately assess the reasoning process and expose whether failures stem from deficiencies in perception or reasoning capabilities. Therefore, we introduce VCR-Bench, a novel benchmark designed to comprehensively evaluate LVLMs' Video Chain-of-Thought Reasoning capabilities. VCR-Bench comprises 859 videos spanning a variety of video content and durations, along with 1,034 high-quality question-answer pairs. Each pair is manually annotated with a stepwise CoT rationale, where every step is tagged to indicate its association with the perception or reasoning capabilities. Furthermore, we design seven distinct task dimensions and propose the CoT score to assess the entire CoT process based on the stepwise tagged CoT rationals. Extensive experiments on VCR-Bench highlight substantial limitations in current LVLMs. Even the top-performing model, o1, only achieves a 62.8% CoT score and an 56.7% accuracy, while most models score below 40%. Experiments show most models score lower on perception than reasoning steps, revealing LVLMs' key bottleneck in temporal-spatial information processing for complex video reasoning. A robust positive correlation between the CoT score and accuracy confirms the validity of our evaluation framework and underscores the critical role of CoT reasoning in solving complex video reasoning tasks. We hope VCR-Bench to serve as a standardized evaluation framework and expose the actual drawbacks in complex video reasoning task.

Key facts. Cited by 42 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Placed in Multimodal reasoning, one of 17 directions in LLM reasoning. Builds on 31 of its 56 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 10 Apr 2025.

Builds on

31 of 56 references.

Closest ancestors · 7

Same direction, newest first

  1. 2025MME-CoT: Benchmarking Chain-of-Thought in Large Multimodal Models for Reasoning Quality, Robustness, and Efficiency13 Feb
  2. 2025LlamaV-o1: Rethinking Step-by-step Visual Reasoning in LLMs10 Jan
  3. 2024Expanding Performance Boundaries of Open-Source Multimodal Models with Model, Data, and Test-Time Scaling6 Dec
  4. 2024VideoEspresso: A Large-Scale Chain-of-Thought Dataset for Fine-Grained Video Reasoning via Core Frame Selection22 Nov
  5. 2024VISA: Reasoning Video Object Segmentation via Large Language Models16 Jul
  6. 2024M3CoT: A Novel Benchmark for Multi-Domain Multi-step Multi-modal Chain-of-Thought26 May
  7. 2023MathVista: Evaluating Mathematical Reasoning of Foundation Models in Visual Contexts3 Oct

Other references · 24

  1. 2025DeepSeek-R1: Incentivizing Reasoning Capability in LLMs via Reinforcement Learningcited by 6,330
  2. 2025Qwen2.5-VL Technical Reportcited by 5,587
  3. 2024Gemini 1.5: Unlocking multimodal understanding across millions of tokens of contextcited by 3,224
  4. 2024LLaVA-OneVision: Easy Visual Task Transfercited by 2,719
  5. 2023Video-LLaMA: An Instruction-tuned Audio-Visual Language Model for Video Understandingcited by 1,471
  6. 2024Video-MME: The First-Ever Comprehensive Evaluation Benchmark of Multi-modal LLMs in Video Analysiscited by 1,413
  7. 2023Video-LLaVA: Learning United Visual Representation by Alignment Before Projectioncited by 1,402
  8. 2024MiniCPM-V: A GPT-4V Level MLLM on Your Phonecited by 1,079
  9. 2023Video-ChatGPT: Towards Detailed Video Understanding via Large Vision and Language Modelscited by 1,062
  10. 2024How Far Are We to GPT-4V? Closing the Gap to Commercial Multimodal Models with Open-Source Suitescited by 1,050
  11. 2023SEED-Bench: Benchmarking Multimodal LLMs with Generative Comprehensioncited by 940
  12. 2024Are We on the Right Way for Evaluating Large Vision-Language Models?cited by 914
12 more
  1. 2024LLaVA-Video: Video Instruction Tuning With Synthetic Datacited by 583
  2. 2025VideoLLaMA 3: Frontier Multimodal Foundation Models for Image and Video Understandingcited by 518
  3. 2024LVBench: An Extreme Long Video Understanding Benchmarkcited by 410
  4. 2024PLLaVA : Parameter-free LLaVA Extension from Images to Videos for Video Dense Captioningcited by 322
  5. 2024MLVU: Benchmarking Multi-task Long Video Understandingcited by 292
  6. 2025Video-MMMU: Evaluating Knowledge Acquisition from Multi-Discipline Professional Videoscited by 236
  7. 2024CogVLM2: Visual Language Models for Image and Video Understandingcited by 217
  8. 2025InternVideo2.5: Empowering Video MLLMs with Long and Rich Context Modelingcited by 211
  9. 2024Aria: An Open Multimodal Native Mixture-of-Experts Modelcited by 138
  10. 2025MMVU: Measuring Expert-Level Multi-Discipline Video Understandingcited by 137
  11. 2024Lost in Time: A New Temporal Benchmark for VideoLLMscited by 42
  12. 2025V2P-Bench: Evaluating Video-Language Understanding with Visual Prompts for Better Human-Model Interactioncited by 11

Built on by

Cited by year (2026 to 14 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2025: 19; 2026: 23.

42 papers.

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By area:

  1. 2025Video-Holmes: Can MLLM Think Like Holmes for Complex Video Reasoning?cited by 118
  2. 2025Perception, Reason, Think, and Plan: A Survey on Large Multimodal Reasoning Modelscited by 90
  3. 2026Video-MME-v2: Towards the Next Stage in Benchmarks for Comprehensive Video Understandingcited by 55
  4. 2025TimeLens: Rethinking Video Temporal Grounding with Multimodal LLMscited by 50
  5. 2026Seed1.8 Model Card: Towards Generalized Real-World Agencycited by 50
  6. 2025Reinforced MLLM: A Survey on RL-Based Reasoning in Multimodal Large Language Modelscited by 44
  7. 2025ARC-Hunyuan-Video-7B: Structured Video Comprehension of Real-World Shortscited by 41
  8. 2026Vision-DeepResearch Benchmark: Rethinking Visual and Textual Search for Multimodal Large Language Modelscited by 34
  9. 2025ReWatch-R1: Boosting Complex Video Reasoning in Large Vision-Language Models through Agentic Data Synthesiscited by 26
  10. 2026UniCorn: Towards Self-Improving Unified Multimodal Models through Self-Generated Supervisioncited by 26
  11. 2025VideoReasonBench: Can MLLMs Perform Vision-Centric Complex Video Reasoning?cited by 20
  12. 2025Conan: Progressive Learning to Reason Like a Detective over Multi-Scale Visual Evidencecited by 18
30 more
  1. 2025Reinforcement Fine-Tuning Powers Reasoning Capability of Multimodal Large Language Modelscited by 14
  2. 2026JoyAI-VL-Interaction: Real-Time Vision-Language Interaction Intelligencecited by 14
  3. 2025DualVLA: Building a Generalizable Embodied Agent via Partial Decoupling of Reasoning and Actioncited by 12
  4. 2025Agentic Jigsaw Interaction Learning for Enhancing Visual Perception and Reasoning in Vision-Language Modelscited by 11
  5. 2025CausalStep: A Benchmark for Explicit Stepwise Causal Reasoning in Videoscited by 9
  6. 2025HumanSense: From Multimodal Perception to Empathetic Context-Aware Responses through Reasoning MLLMscited by 9
  7. 2025Video-LMM Post-Training: A Deep Dive into Video Reasoning with Large Multimodal Modelscited by 8
  8. 2025VIDEOP2R: Video Understanding from Perception to Reasoningcited by 8
  9. 2026PatchCue: Enhancing Vision-Language Model Reasoning with Patch-Based Visual Cuescited by 8
  10. 2025StreamingCoT: A Dataset for Temporal Dynamics and Multimodal Chain-of-Thought Reasoning in Streaming VideoQAcited by 6
  11. 2026ELVA: Exploring Ranking-Driven Universal Multimodal Retrievalcited by 5
  12. 2025The Artificial Intelligence Cognitive Examination: A Survey on the Evolution of Multimodal Evaluation from Recognition to Reasoningcited by 4
  13. 2026PerceptionComp: A Video Benchmark for Complex Perception-Centric Reasoningcited by 4
  14. 2026Watch, Remember, Reason: Human-View Video Understanding with MLLMscited by 4
  15. 2026TIR-Flow: Active Video Search and Reasoning with Frozen VLMscited by 3
  16. 2026Can Vision-Language Models Solve the Shell Game?cited by 3
  17. 2026Video-Oasis: Rethinking Evaluation of Video Understandingcited by 3
  18. 2026VideoSeeker: Incentivizing Instance-level Video Understanding via Native Agentic Tool Invocationcited by 3
  19. 2025HumanPCR: Probing MLLM Capabilities in Diverse Human-Centric Scenescited by 2
  20. 2026Insight-V++: Towards Advanced Long-Chain Visual Reasoning with Multimodal Large Language Modelscited by 2
  21. 2026VecAttention: Vector-wise Sparse Attention for Accelerating Long Context Inferencecited by 2
  22. 2026VEBench:Benchmarking Large Multimodal Models for Real-World Video Editingcited by 2
  23. 2026EasyVideoR1: Easier RL for Video Understandingcited by 1
  24. 2026RoboGaze: Evaluating Robot World Models via Structured Vision-Language Analysiscited by 1
  25. 2026Order Matters: LVLMs as Judges for Temporal Reasoning in Image Sequencescited by 1
  26. 2025Decoupling Perception from Reasoning for Hallucination-Resistant Video Understandingcited by 0
  27. 2026Act2See: Emergent Active Visual Perception for Video Reasoningcited by 0
  28. 2026ConSteer-RL: Steering Reasoning Capabilities in Large Language Models via Confidence-Aware Reinforcement Learningcited by 0
  29. 2026Video-HolmesV2: Can MLLMs Reason with Spatio-Temporal Audio-Visual Evidence in Long Videos?cited by 0
  30. 2026Meta-Video: Efficient Standardized Evaluation for Video Understandingcited by 0

Similar, not cited

Close in wording, no citation either way

  1. 2025Rethinking Chain-of-Thought Reasoning for Videos
  2. 2026VTI-CoT: Visual-Textual Interleaved Chain of Thought for Video Reasoning
  3. 2025ViTCoT: Video-Text Interleaved Chain-of-Thought for Boosting Video Understanding in Large Language Models
  4. 2024Video-of-Thought: Step-by-Step Video Reasoning from Perception to Cognition
  5. 2025CoTasks: Chain-of-Thought based Video Instruction Tuning Tasks
  6. 2025When Thinking Drifts: Evidential Grounding for Robust Video Reasoning
  7. 2025Video Finetuning Improves Reasoning Between Frames
  8. 2026A Very Big Video Reasoning Suite