StableToolBench-MirrorAPI: Modeling Tool Environments as Mirrors of 7,000+ Real-World APIs
On the map: LLM agents and tool use → Tool learning and function calling
Abstract (arXiv)
The rapid advancement of large language models (LLMs) has spurred significant interest in tool learning, where LLMs are augmented with external tools to tackle complex tasks. However, existing tool environments face challenges in balancing stability, scalability, and realness, particularly for benchmarking purposes. To address this problem, we propose MirrorAPI, a novel framework that trains specialized LLMs to accurately simulate real API responses, effectively acting as "mirrors" to tool environments. Using a comprehensive dataset of request-response pairs from 7,000+ APIs, we employ supervised fine-tuning and chain-of-thought reasoning to enhance simulation fidelity. MirrorAPI achieves superior accuracy and stability compared to state-of-the-art methods, as demonstrated by its performance on the newly constructed MirrorAPI-Bench and its integration into StableToolBench.
Key facts. Cited by 14 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Placed in Tool learning and function calling, one of 16 directions in LLM agents and tool use. Builds on 26 of its 41 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 26 Mar 2025.
Builds on
26 of 41 references.
Closest ancestors · 5
Same direction, newest first
- 2024Seal-Tools: Self-Instruct Tool Learning Dataset for Agent Tuning and Detailed Benchmark14 May
- 2024API-BLEND: A Comprehensive Corpora for Training and Benchmarking API LLMs23 Feb
- 2023ToolAlpaca: Generalized Tool Learning for Language Models with 3000 Simulated Cases8 Jun
- 2023GPT4Tools: Teaching Large Language Model to Use Tools via Self-instruction30 May
- 2023Gorilla: Large Language Model Connected with Massive APIs24 May
Other references · 21
- 2023Judging LLM-as-a-Judge with MT-Bench and Chatbot Arenacited by 8,626
- 2025DeepSeek-R1: Incentivizing Reasoning Capability in LLMs via Reinforcement Learningcited by 6,330
- 2019BERTScore: Evaluating Text Generation with BERTcited by 5,512
- 2023WebArena: A Realistic Web Environment for Building Autonomous Agentscited by 2,006
- 2022WebShop: Towards Scalable Real-World Web Interaction with Grounded Language Agentscited by 1,251
- 2023CRITIC: Large Language Models Can Self-Correct with Tool-Interactive Critiquingcited by 783
- 2023Identifying the Risks of LM Agents with an LM-Emulated Sandboxcited by 548
- 2024AndroidWorld: A Dynamic Benchmarking Environment for Autonomous Agentscited by 468
- 2024Understanding the planning of LLM agents: A surveycited by 421
- 2023OpenChat: Advancing Open-source Language Models with Mixed-Quality Datacited by 252
- 2024WebLINX: Real-World Website Navigation with Multi-Turn Dialoguecited by 180
- 2024The Effect of Sampling Temperature on Problem Solving in Large Language Modelscited by 170
9 more
- 2024Web Agents with World Models: Learning and Leveraging Environment Dynamics in Web Navigationcited by 126
- 2023T-Eval: Evaluating the Tool Utilization Capability of Large Language Models Step by Stepcited by 93
- 2024Planning, Creation, Usage: Benchmarking LLMs for Comprehensive Tool Utilization in Real-World Complex Scenarioscited by 86
- 2024SciAgent: Tool-augmented Language Models for Scientific Reasoningcited by 70
- 2024MLLM-Tool: A Multimodal Large Language Model For Tool Agent Learningcited by 69
- 2024ExACT: Teaching AI Agents to Explore with Reflective-MCTS and Exploratory Learningcited by 62
- 2024ShortcutsBench: A Large-Scale Real-world Benchmark for API-based Agentscited by 36
- 2023Exposing Limitations of Language Model Agents in Sequential-Task Compositions on the Webcited by 24
- 2024ReAct Meets ActRe: When Language Agents Enjoy Training Data Autonomycited by 23
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Citing papers per year: 2025: 6; 2026: 8.
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- 2025Towards General Agentic Intelligence via Environment Scalingcited by 54
- 2025LiveMCPBench: Can Agents Navigate an Ocean of MCP Tools?cited by 48
- 2026The Evolution of Tool Use in LLM Agents: From Single-Tool Call to Multi-Tool Orchestrationcited by 14
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- 2026CTM-AI: A Blueprint for General AI Inspired by a Model of Consciousness30 Apr 2026
- 2026The Evolution of Tool Use in LLM Agents: From Single-Tool Call to Multi-Tool Orchestration24 Mar 2026
- 2026ZEBRAARENA: A Diagnostic Simulation Environment for Studying Reasoning-Action Coupling in Tool-Augmented LLMs19 Mar 2026
- 2026Budget-Constrained Agentic Large Language Models: Intention-Based Planning for Costly Tool Use12 Feb 2026
- 2026Beyond Single-Shot: Multi-step Tool Retrieval via Query Planning12 Jan 2026
- 2025SynthTools: A Framework for Scaling Synthetic Tools for Agent Development11 Nov 2025
- 2025ETOM: A Five-Level Benchmark for Evaluating Tool Orchestration within the MCP Ecosystem22 Oct 2025
- 2025COMPASS: Benchmarking Constrained Optimization in LLM Agents8 Oct 2025
- 2025Towards General Agentic Intelligence via Environment Scaling16 Sep 2025
2 more
- 2025LiveMCPBench: Can Agents Navigate an Ocean of MCP Tools?3 Aug 2025
- 2025TextAtari: 100K Frames Game Playing with Language Agents4 Jun 2025
- 2025Towards General Agentic Intelligence via Environment Scalingcited by 54
- 2025LiveMCPBench: Can Agents Navigate an Ocean of MCP Tools?cited by 48
- 2026The Evolution of Tool Use in LLM Agents: From Single-Tool Call to Multi-Tool Orchestrationcited by 14
- 2025COMPASS: Benchmarking Constrained Optimization in LLM Agentscited by 9
- 2026Budget-Constrained Agentic Large Language Models: Intention-Based Planning for Costly Tool Usecited by 8
- 2025TextAtari: 100K Frames Game Playing with Language Agentscited by 6
- 2025SynthTools: A Framework for Scaling Synthetic Tools for Agent Developmentcited by 5
- 2026Beyond Single-Shot: Multi-step Tool Retrieval via Query Planningcited by 3
- 2025ETOM: A Five-Level Benchmark for Evaluating Tool Orchestration within the MCP Ecosystemcited by 0
- 2026RIFT-Bench: Dynamic Red-teaming For Agentic AI Systemscited by 0
- 2026DynamicMCPBench: A Trace-Grounded, Effect-Scored Benchmark for LLM Agents over Live MCP Serverscited by 0
- 2026DynamicMCPBench: A Trace-Grounded, Effect-Scored Benchmark for LLM Agents over Live MCP Servers10 Jul 2026
- 2026RIFT-Bench: Dynamic Red-teaming For Agentic AI Systems22 Jun 2026
- 2026The Evolution of Tool Use in LLM Agents: From Single-Tool Call to Multi-Tool Orchestration24 Mar 2026
- 2026Budget-Constrained Agentic Large Language Models: Intention-Based Planning for Costly Tool Use12 Feb 2026
- 2026Beyond Single-Shot: Multi-step Tool Retrieval via Query Planning12 Jan 2026
- 2025SynthTools: A Framework for Scaling Synthetic Tools for Agent Development11 Nov 2025
- 2025ETOM: A Five-Level Benchmark for Evaluating Tool Orchestration within the MCP Ecosystem22 Oct 2025
- 2025COMPASS: Benchmarking Constrained Optimization in LLM Agents8 Oct 2025
- 2025Towards General Agentic Intelligence via Environment Scaling16 Sep 2025
- 2025LiveMCPBench: Can Agents Navigate an Ocean of MCP Tools?3 Aug 2025
- 2025TextAtari: 100K Frames Game Playing with Language Agents4 Jun 2025
Similar, not cited
Close in wording, no citation either way
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