mlsanityData to 14 Oct 2026

AI Agents: Evolution, Architecture, and Real-World Applications

arXiv 2503.12687 ↗First posted 16 Mar 2025cs.AIcited by 19

On the map: LLM agents and tool use → General LLM agent frameworks and benchmarks

Abstract (arXiv)

This paper examines the evolution, architecture, and practical applications of AI agents from their early, rule-based incarnations to modern sophisticated systems that integrate large language models with dedicated modules for perception, planning, and tool use. Emphasizing both theoretical foundations and real-world deployments, the paper reviews key agent paradigms, discusses limitations of current evaluation benchmarks, and proposes a holistic evaluation framework that balances task effectiveness, efficiency, robustness, and safety. Applications across enterprise, personal assistance, and specialized domains are analyzed, with insights into future research directions for more resilient and adaptive AI agent systems.

Key facts. Cited by 19 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Placed in General LLM agent frameworks and benchmarks, one of 16 directions in LLM agents and tool use. First posted on arXiv 16 Mar 2025.

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Cited by year (2026 to 14 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2025: 14; 2026: 5.

19 papers.

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  1. 2025REAL: Benchmarking Autonomous Agents on Deterministic Simulations of Real Websitescited by 45
  2. 2025Advancing Multi-Agent Systems Through Model Context Protocol: Architecture, Implementation, and Applicationscited by 23
  3. 2025Graphs Meet AI Agents: Taxonomy, Progress, and Future Opportunitiescited by 23
  4. 2025Learning on the Job: An Experience-Driven Self-Evolving Agent for Long-Horizon Taskscited by 22
  5. 2025AgentGuard: Runtime Verification of AI Agentscited by 17
  6. 2025From Glue-Code to Protocols: A Critical Analysis of A2A and MCP Integration for Scalable Agent Systemscited by 14
  7. 2025Inherent and emergent liability issues in LLM-based agentic systems: a principal-agent perspectivecited by 13
  8. 2026SciVisAgentBench: A Benchmark for Evaluating Scientific Data Analysis and Visualization Agentscited by 10
  9. 2025SheetBrain: A Neuro-Symbolic Agent for Accurate Reasoning over Complex and Large Spreadsheetscited by 8
  10. 2025BetaWeb: Towards a Blockchain-enabled Trustworthy Agentic Webcited by 7
  11. 2025Agentic Services Computingcited by 6
  12. 2025Embracing Trustworthy Brain-Agent Collaboration as Paradigm Extension for Intelligent Assistive Technologiescited by 5
7 more
  1. 2026Beyond Context Sharing: A Unified Agent Communication Protocol (ACP) for Secure, Federated, and Autonomous Agent-to-Agent (A2A) Orchestrationcited by 2
  2. 2026What is Missing from AI Post-Training AI: An Empirical Analysiscited by 2
  3. 2026Why Model Selection Fails in Time Series Forecasting: An Empirical Study of Instability Across Data Regimescited by 1
  4. 2025Towards Log Analysis with AI Agents: Cowrie Case Studycited by 0
  5. 2025An Artificial Intelligence Value at Risk Approach: Metrics and Modelscited by 0
  6. 2025Conversational No-code, Multi-agentic Disease Module Identification and Drug Repurposing Prediction with ChatDRexcited by 0
  7. 2026Autonomous Agent-Orchestrated Digital Twins (AADT): Leveraging the OpenClaw Framework for State Synchronization in Rare Genetic Disorderscited by 0

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  1. 2025A Comprehensive Review of AI Agents: Transforming Possibilities in Technology and Beyond
  2. 2026AI Agent Systems: Architectures, Applications, and Evaluation
  3. 2024The Landscape of Emerging AI Agent Architectures for Reasoning, Planning, and Tool Calling: A Survey
  4. 2025AI Agents vs. Agentic AI: A Conceptual Taxonomy, Applications and Challenges
  5. 2026Agentic Artificial Intelligence (AI): Architectures, Taxonomies, and Evaluation of Large Language Model Agents
  6. 2025A Comprehensive Survey of Self-Evolving AI Agents: A New Paradigm Bridging Foundation Models and Lifelong Agentic Systems
  7. 2026Emergence of Agentic AI: A Review on Evolution, Background, Working Principles, Applications, Adoption Factors, and Future Research Directions
  8. 2025Distinguishing Autonomous AI Agents from Collaborative Agentic Systems: A Comprehensive Framework for Understanding Modern Intelligent Architectures