ToolDial: Multi-turn Dialogue Generation Method for Tool-Augmented Language Models
On the map: LLM agents and tool use → Tool learning and function calling
Abstract (arXiv)
Tool-Augmented Language Models (TALMs) leverage external APIs to answer user queries across various domains. However, existing benchmark datasets for TALM research often feature simplistic dialogues that do not reflect real-world scenarios, such as the need for models to ask clarifying questions or proactively call additional APIs when essential information is missing. To address these limitations, we construct and release ToolDial, a dataset comprising 11,111 multi-turn dialogues, with an average of 8.95 turns per dialogue, based on APIs from RapidAPI. ToolDial has two key characteristics. First, the dialogues incorporate 16 user and system actions (e.g., "Request", "Clarify", "Fail inform") to capture the rich dynamics of real-world interactions. Second, we simulate dialogues where the system requests necessary information from the user based on API documentation and seeks additional APIs if the user fails to provide the required information. To facilitate this process, we introduce a method for generating an API graph that represents input and output compatibility between APIs. Using ToolDial, we evaluate a suite of language models on their ability to predict correct actions and extract input parameter values for API calls from the dialogue history. Modern language models achieve accuracy scores below 70%, indicating substantial room for improvement. We release our dataset and code at https://github.com/holi-lab/ToolDial.
Key facts. Cited by 34 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Placed in Tool learning and function calling, one of 16 directions in LLM agents and tool use. Builds on 11 of its 19 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 1 Mar 2025.
Builds on
11 of 19 references.
Closest ancestors · 4
Same direction, newest first
- 2024StableToolBench: Towards Stable Large-Scale Benchmarking on Tool Learning of Large Language Models12 Mar
- 2023ToolAlpaca: Generalized Tool Learning for Language Models with 3000 Simulated Cases8 Jun
- 2023Gorilla: Large Language Model Connected with Massive APIs24 May
- 2023API-Bank: A Comprehensive Benchmark for Tool-Augmented LLMs14 Apr
Other references · 7
- 2019Sentence-BERT: Sentence Embeddings using Siamese BERT-Networkscited by 9,049
- 2018MultiWOZ -- A Large-Scale Multi-Domain Wizard-of-Oz Dataset for Task-Oriented Dialogue Modellingcited by 760
- 2019Towards Scalable Multi-domain Conversational Agents: The Schema-Guided Dialogue Datasetcited by 426
- 2024ToolNet: Connecting Large Language Models with Massive Tools via Tool Graphcited by 59
- 2023ToolTalk: Evaluating Tool-Usage in a Conversational Settingcited by 42
- 2022"Do you follow me?": A Survey of Recent Approaches in Dialogue State Trackingcited by 22
- 2023Interpreting User Requests in the Context of Natural Language Standing Instructionscited by 5
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Citing papers per year: 2025: 14; 2026: 20.
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- 2025APIGen-MT: Agentic Pipeline for Multi-Turn Data Generation via Simulated Agent-Human Interplaycited by 158
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- 2026Your Language Model is Its Own Critic: Reinforcement Learning with Value Estimation from Actor's Internal States8 May 2026
- 2026Latent Preference Modeling for Multi-Session Personalized Tool Calling20 Apr 2026
- 2026MUSE: Multi-Domain Chinese User Simulation via Self-Evolving Profiles and Rubric-Guided Alignment15 Apr 2026
- 2026Evidence of a Cognitive Shift in AI Education: How Students Are Rethinking Human Intelligence?14 Apr 2026
- 2026UniToolCall: Unifying Tool-Use Representation, Data, and Evaluation for LLM Agents13 Apr 2026
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- 2026Mi:dm K 2.5 Pro19 Mar 2026
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- 2026INSURE-Dial: A Phase-Aware Conversational Dataset & Benchmark for Compliance Verification and Phase Detection28 Jan 2026
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- 2026ContiguousKV: Accelerating LLM Prefill with Granularity-Aligned KV Cache Management20 Jan 2026
- 2026Simulating Complex Multi-Turn Tool Calling Interactions in Stateless Execution Environments6 Jan 2026
- 2026AWARE-US: Preference-Aware Infeasibility Resolution in Tool-Calling Agents6 Jan 2026
- 2025Modeling User-System Behavior for Training-free Building of Private Domain Conversational Agents13 Nov 2025
- 2025Reflective Personalization Optimization: A Post-hoc Rewriting Framework for Black-Box Large Language Models7 Nov 2025
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- 2025Quantitative Certification of Agentic Tool Selection5 Oct 2025
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- 2025ToolHaystack: Stress-Testing Tool-Augmented Language Models in Realistic Long-Term Interactions29 May 2025
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- 2025Evaluating LLM-based Agents for Multi-Turn Conversations: A Survey28 Mar 2025
- 2025Building Resource-Constrained Language Agents: A Korean Case Study on Chemical Toxicity Information22 Mar 2025
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- 2026Simulating Complex Multi-Turn Tool Calling Interactions in Stateless Execution Environmentscited by 3
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12 most cited of 17 All 17 (JSON)
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- 2026Latent Preference Modeling for Multi-Session Personalized Tool Calling20 Apr 2026
- 2026UniToolCall: Unifying Tool-Use Representation, Data, and Evaluation for LLM Agents13 Apr 2026
- 2026ToolWeave: Structured Synthesis of Complex Multi-Turn Tool-Calling Dialogues3 Apr 2026
- 2026Mi:dm K 2.5 Pro19 Mar 2026
- 2026Simulating Complex Multi-Turn Tool Calling Interactions in Stateless Execution Environments6 Jan 2026
- 2026AWARE-US: Preference-Aware Infeasibility Resolution in Tool-Calling Agents6 Jan 2026
- 2025Modeling User-System Behavior for Training-free Building of Private Domain Conversational Agents13 Nov 2025
- 2025Quantitative Certification of Agentic Tool Selection5 Oct 2025
- 2025Towards Reliable Benchmarking: A Contamination Free, Controllable Evaluation Framework for Multi-step LLM Function Calling30 Sep 2025
- 2025In-N-Out: A Parameter-Level API Graph Dataset for Tool Agents1 Sep 2025
12 newest of 17 All 17 (JSON)
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- 2026ARTIS: Agentic Risk-Aware Test-Time Scaling via Iterative Simulationcited by 2
- 2026Your Language Model is Its Own Critic: Reinforcement Learning with Value Estimation from Actor's Internal Statescited by 2
- 2025GOAT: A Training Framework for Goal-Oriented Agent with Toolscited by 1
- 2026Clueing up LLMs with Tool-Augmented Deductive Reasoningcited by 0
- 2026Clueing up LLMs with Tool-Augmented Deductive Reasoning16 Sep 2026
- 2026Your Language Model is Its Own Critic: Reinforcement Learning with Value Estimation from Actor's Internal States8 May 2026
- 2026CXReasonAgent: Evidence-Grounded Diagnostic Reasoning Agent for Chest X-rays26 Feb 2026
- 2026ARTIS: Agentic Risk-Aware Test-Time Scaling via Iterative Simulation2 Feb 2026
- 2025GOAT: A Training Framework for Goal-Oriented Agent with Tools14 Oct 2025
- 2025AURA: Agent for Understanding, Reasoning, and Automated Tool Use in Voice-Driven Tasks29 Jun 2025
- 2025Goal Alignment in LLM-Based User Simulators for Conversational AIcited by 19
- 2025Non-Collaborative User Simulators for Tool Agentscited by 17
- 2026ECG-Agent: On-Device Tool-Calling Agent for ECG Multi-Turn Dialoguecited by 4
- 2026TurnWise: The Gap between Single- and Multi-turn Language Model Capabilitiescited by 3
- 2026INSURE-Dial: A Phase-Aware Conversational Dataset & Benchmark for Compliance Verification and Phase Detectioncited by 1
- 2026Multi-turn Conversational AI from Text to Multimodal Interaction: Data, Models, Evaluation, and Open Challengescited by 1
- 2026From State to Action: OODA-Tool for Reliable Multi-Turn Tool Usecited by 1
- 2025Reflective Personalization Optimization: A Post-hoc Rewriting Framework for Black-Box Large Language Modelscited by 0
- 2026Evidence of a Cognitive Shift in AI Education: How Students Are Rethinking Human Intelligence?cited by 0
- 2026From State to Action: OODA-Tool for Reliable Multi-Turn Tool Use25 Aug 2026
- 2026Multi-turn Conversational AI from Text to Multimodal Interaction: Data, Models, Evaluation, and Open Challenges18 Aug 2026
- 2026Evidence of a Cognitive Shift in AI Education: How Students Are Rethinking Human Intelligence?14 Apr 2026
- 2026TurnWise: The Gap between Single- and Multi-turn Language Model Capabilities17 Mar 2026
- 2026INSURE-Dial: A Phase-Aware Conversational Dataset & Benchmark for Compliance Verification and Phase Detection28 Jan 2026
- 2026ECG-Agent: On-Device Tool-Calling Agent for ECG Multi-Turn Dialogue28 Jan 2026
- 2025Reflective Personalization Optimization: A Post-hoc Rewriting Framework for Black-Box Large Language Models7 Nov 2025
- 2025Non-Collaborative User Simulators for Tool Agents27 Sep 2025
- 2025Goal Alignment in LLM-Based User Simulators for Conversational AI27 Jul 2025
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