mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

Evaluating Personality Traits in Large Language Models: Insights from Psychological Questionnaires

arXiv 2502.05248 ↗First posted 7 Feb 2025cs.CL cs.AI cs.MAcited by 24

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Abstract (arXiv)

Psychological assessment tools have long helped humans understand behavioural patterns. While Large Language Models (LLMs) can generate content comparable to that of humans, we explore whether they exhibit personality traits. To this end, this work applies psychological tools to LLMs in diverse scenarios to generate personality profiles. Using established trait-based questionnaires such as the Big Five Inventory and by addressing the possibility of training data contamination, we examine the dimensional variability and dominance of LLMs across five core personality dimensions: Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, and Neuroticism. Our findings reveal that LLMs exhibit unique dominant traits, varying characteristics, and distinct personality profiles even within the same family of models.

Key facts. Cited by 24 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 4 of its 12 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 7 Feb 2025.

Builds on

4 of 12 references.

References · 4

  1. 2023PersonaLLM: Investigating the Ability of Large Language Models to Express Personality Traitscited by 229
  2. 2023Personality Traits in Large Language Modelscited by 166
  3. 2022Evaluating and Inducing Personality in Pre-trained Language Modelscited by 122
  4. 2022Who is GPT-3? An Exploration of Personality, Values and Demographicscited by 112

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Cited by year (2026 to 7 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2025: 11; 2026: 13.

24 papers.

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  1. 2025The Personality Illusion: Revealing Dissociation Between Self-Reports & Behavior in LLMscited by 35
  2. 2025Can LLM Agents Maintain a Persona in Discourse?cited by 15
  3. 2025Humanizing LLMs: A Survey of Psychological Measurements with Tools, Datasets, and Human-Agent Applicationscited by 10
  4. 2026Stable and Explainable Personality Trait Evaluation in Large Language Models with Internal Activationscited by 8
  5. 2025Activation-Space Personality Steering: Hybrid Layer Selection for Stable Trait Control in LLMscited by 4
  6. 2026PTCBENCH: Benchmarking Contextual Stability of Personality Traits in LLM Systemscited by 4
  7. 2026An LLM-Native Psychometric Instrument Reveals a Self-Report--Behavior Gap Across 25 Modelscited by 4
  8. 2026Understanding Persuasive Interactions between Generative Social Agents and Humans: The Knowledge-based Persuasion Model (KPM)cited by 3
  9. 2026Do Personality Traits Interfere? Geometric Limitations of Steering in Large Language Modelscited by 3
  10. 2026AI Agents Alone Are Not (Yet) Sufficient for Social Simulationcited by 3
  11. 2026GenPT: Beyond Self-Report for Reliable LLM Psychometrics via Generative Projective Testingcited by 3
  12. 2025Twenty Years of Personality Computing: Threats, Challenges and Future Directionscited by 2
12 more
  1. 2025Integrating Personality into Digital Humans: A Review of LLM-Driven Approaches for Virtual Realitycited by 2
  2. 2025Quantifying Data Contamination in Psychometric Evaluations of LLMscited by 2
  3. 2026Persona Generators: Generating Diverse Synthetic Personas for Arbitrary Contextscited by 2
  4. 2026Quantifying and Mitigating Socially Desirable Responding in LLMs: A Desirability-Matched Graded Forced-Choice Psychometric Studycited by 2
  5. 2026MOSAIC: Unveiling the Moral, Social and Individual Dimensions of Large Language Modelscited by 2
  6. 2025ExtremeAIGC: Benchmarking LMM Vulnerability to AI-Generated Extremist Contentcited by 1
  7. 2025The Narcissus Hypothesis: Descending to the Rung of Illusioncited by 0
  8. 2025Who are you, ChatGPT? Personality and Demographic Style in LLM-Generated Contentcited by 0
  9. 2025When AI Takes the Couch: Psychometric Jailbreaks Reveal Internal Conflict in Frontier Modelscited by 0
  10. 2026Enhancing Debunking Effectiveness through LLM-based Personality Adaptationcited by 0
  11. 2026Explicit Trait Inference for Multi-Agent Coordinationcited by 0
  12. 2026Inverse Theory of Mind Modeling for Content Recommendation: From Web Browsing to Dynamic Intelligent Interfacescited by 0