mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

Reusing Embeddings: Reproducible Reward Model Research in Large Language Model Alignment without GPUs

arXiv 2502.04357 ↗First posted 4 Feb 2025cs.CL cs.AI cs.LGcited by 4

On the map: LLM reasoning → Reinforcement learning for reasoning

also in 1 more
Abstract (arXiv)

Large Language Models (LLMs) have made substantial strides in structured tasks through Reinforcement Learning (RL), demonstrating proficiency in mathematical reasoning and code generation. However, applying RL in broader domains like chatbots and content generation -- through the process known as Reinforcement Learning from Human Feedback (RLHF) -- presents unique challenges. Reward models in RLHF are critical, acting as proxies that evaluate the alignment of LLM outputs with human intent. Despite advancements, the development of reward models is hindered by challenges such as computational heavy training, costly evaluation, and therefore poor reproducibility. We advocate for using embedding-based input in reward model research as an accelerated solution to those challenges. By leveraging embeddings for reward modeling, we can enhance reproducibility, reduce computational demands on hardware, improve training stability, and significantly reduce training and evaluation costs, hence facilitating fair and efficient comparisons in this active research area. We then show a case study of reproducing existing reward model ensemble research using embedding-based reward models. We discussed future avenues for research, aiming to contribute to safer and more effective LLM deployments.

Key facts. Cited by 4 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Placed in Reinforcement learning for reasoning, one of 17 directions in LLM reasoning. Builds on 35 of its 67 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 4 Feb 2025.

Builds on

35 of 67 references.

Closest ancestors · 6

Same direction, newest first

  1. 2025DeepSeek-R1: Incentivizing Reasoning Capability in LLMs via Reinforcement Learning22 Jan
  2. 2024Rethinking Bradley-Terry Models in Preference-Based Reward Modeling: Foundations, Theory, and Alternatives7 Nov
  3. 2024Skywork-Reward: Bag of Tricks for Reward Modeling in LLMs24 Oct
  4. 2024Generative Verifiers: Reward Modeling as Next-Token Prediction27 Aug
  5. 2024RLHF Workflow: From Reward Modeling to Online RLHF13 May
  6. 2023RAFT: Reward rAnked FineTuning for Generative Foundation Model Alignment13 Apr

Other references · 29

  1. 2018BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understandingcited by 40,204
  2. 2024The Llama 3 Herd of Modelscited by 14,192
  3. 2021LoRA: Low-Rank Adaptation of Large Language Modelscited by 14,084
  4. 2023Llama 2: Open Foundation and Fine-Tuned Chat Modelscited by 12,865
  5. 2013Efficient Estimation of Word Representations in Vector Spacecited by 4,346
  6. 2022Training a Helpful and Harmless Assistant with Reinforcement Learning from Human Feedbackcited by 3,634
  7. 2016WaveNet: A Generative Model for Raw Audiocited by 1,710
  8. 2024OpenAI o1 System Cardcited by 1,220
  9. 2022Red Teaming Language Models with Language Modelscited by 983
  10. 2024Gemma: Open Models Based on Gemini Research and Technologycited by 889
  11. 2018Universal Sentence Encodercited by 485
  12. 2023Iterative Preference Learning from Human Feedback: Bridging Theory and Practice for RLHF under KL-Constraintcited by 346
17 more
  1. 2023Reward Model Ensembles Help Mitigate Overoptimizationcited by 225
  2. 2024Rewards-in-Context: Multi-objective Alignment of Foundation Models with Dynamic Preference Adjustmentcited by 171
  3. 2024Secrets of RLHF in Large Language Models Part II: Reward Modelingcited by 170
  4. 2024Generative Reward Modelscited by 148
  5. 2024Arithmetic Control of LLMs for Diverse User Preferences: Directional Preference Alignment with Multi-Objective Rewardscited by 145
  6. 2024Regularizing Hidden States Enables Learning Generalizable Reward Model for LLMscited by 142
  7. 2023Beyond One-Preference-Fits-All Alignment: Multi-Objective Direct Preference Optimizationcited by 121
  8. 2023LLM-Eval: Unified Multi-Dimensional Automatic Evaluation for Open-Domain Conversations with Large Language Modelscited by 100
  9. 2024OffsetBias: Leveraging Debiased Data for Tuning Evaluatorscited by 94
  10. 2024Uncertainty-aware Reward Model: Teaching Reward Models to Know What is Unknowncited by 71
  11. 2024Active Preference Learning for Large Language Modelscited by 55
  12. 2018Universal Language Model Fine-tuning for Text Classificationcited by 50
  13. 2024Cheating Automatic LLM Benchmarks: Null Models Achieve High Win Ratescited by 42
  14. 2024Relative Preference Optimization: Enhancing LLM Alignment through Contrasting Responses across Identical and Diverse Promptscited by 36
  15. 2024Overcoming Reward Overoptimization via Adversarial Policy Optimization with Lightweight Uncertainty Estimationcited by 33
  16. 2024MetaMetrics: Calibrating Metrics For Generation Tasks Using Human Preferencescited by 15
  17. 2024Scalable Ensembling For Mitigating Reward Overoptimisationcited by 14

Built on by

Cited by year (2026 to 7 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2025: 3; 2026: 1.

4 papers.

Similar, not cited

Close in wording, no citation either way

  1. 2024Sequence to Sequence Reward Modeling: Improving RLHF by Language Feedback
  2. 2024West-of-N: Synthetic Preferences for Self-Improving Reward Models
  3. 2025Reviving The Classics: Active Reward Modeling in Large Language Model Alignment
  4. 2024RLHF Deciphered: A Critical Analysis of Reinforcement Learning from Human Feedback for LLMs
  5. 2024How to Evaluate Reward Models for RLHF
  6. 2024Rethinking the Role of Proxy Rewards in Language Model Alignment
  7. 2025A Survey on Progress in LLM Alignment from the Perspective of Reward Design
  8. 2025Generalist Reward Models: Found Inside Large Language Models