Reusing Embeddings: Reproducible Reward Model Research in Large Language Model Alignment without GPUs
On the map: LLM reasoning → Reinforcement learning for reasoning
Abstract (arXiv)
Large Language Models (LLMs) have made substantial strides in structured tasks through Reinforcement Learning (RL), demonstrating proficiency in mathematical reasoning and code generation. However, applying RL in broader domains like chatbots and content generation -- through the process known as Reinforcement Learning from Human Feedback (RLHF) -- presents unique challenges. Reward models in RLHF are critical, acting as proxies that evaluate the alignment of LLM outputs with human intent. Despite advancements, the development of reward models is hindered by challenges such as computational heavy training, costly evaluation, and therefore poor reproducibility. We advocate for using embedding-based input in reward model research as an accelerated solution to those challenges. By leveraging embeddings for reward modeling, we can enhance reproducibility, reduce computational demands on hardware, improve training stability, and significantly reduce training and evaluation costs, hence facilitating fair and efficient comparisons in this active research area. We then show a case study of reproducing existing reward model ensemble research using embedding-based reward models. We discussed future avenues for research, aiming to contribute to safer and more effective LLM deployments.
Key facts. Cited by 4 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Placed in Reinforcement learning for reasoning, one of 17 directions in LLM reasoning. Builds on 35 of its 67 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 4 Feb 2025.
Builds on
35 of 67 references.
Closest ancestors · 6
Same direction, newest first
- 2025DeepSeek-R1: Incentivizing Reasoning Capability in LLMs via Reinforcement Learning22 Jan
- 2024Rethinking Bradley-Terry Models in Preference-Based Reward Modeling: Foundations, Theory, and Alternatives7 Nov
- 2024Skywork-Reward: Bag of Tricks for Reward Modeling in LLMs24 Oct
- 2024Generative Verifiers: Reward Modeling as Next-Token Prediction27 Aug
- 2024RLHF Workflow: From Reward Modeling to Online RLHF13 May
- 2023RAFT: Reward rAnked FineTuning for Generative Foundation Model Alignment13 Apr
Other references · 29
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- 2024The Llama 3 Herd of Modelscited by 14,192
- 2021LoRA: Low-Rank Adaptation of Large Language Modelscited by 14,084
- 2023Llama 2: Open Foundation and Fine-Tuned Chat Modelscited by 12,865
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- 2022Training a Helpful and Harmless Assistant with Reinforcement Learning from Human Feedbackcited by 3,634
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- 2018Universal Sentence Encodercited by 485
- 2023Iterative Preference Learning from Human Feedback: Bridging Theory and Practice for RLHF under KL-Constraintcited by 346
17 more
- 2023Reward Model Ensembles Help Mitigate Overoptimizationcited by 225
- 2024Rewards-in-Context: Multi-objective Alignment of Foundation Models with Dynamic Preference Adjustmentcited by 171
- 2024Secrets of RLHF in Large Language Models Part II: Reward Modelingcited by 170
- 2024Generative Reward Modelscited by 148
- 2024Arithmetic Control of LLMs for Diverse User Preferences: Directional Preference Alignment with Multi-Objective Rewardscited by 145
- 2024Regularizing Hidden States Enables Learning Generalizable Reward Model for LLMscited by 142
- 2023Beyond One-Preference-Fits-All Alignment: Multi-Objective Direct Preference Optimizationcited by 121
- 2023LLM-Eval: Unified Multi-Dimensional Automatic Evaluation for Open-Domain Conversations with Large Language Modelscited by 100
- 2024OffsetBias: Leveraging Debiased Data for Tuning Evaluatorscited by 94
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- 2024Relative Preference Optimization: Enhancing LLM Alignment through Contrasting Responses across Identical and Diverse Promptscited by 36
- 2024Overcoming Reward Overoptimization via Adversarial Policy Optimization with Lightweight Uncertainty Estimationcited by 33
- 2024MetaMetrics: Calibrating Metrics For Generation Tasks Using Human Preferencescited by 15
- 2024Scalable Ensembling For Mitigating Reward Overoptimisationcited by 14
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Citing papers per year: 2025: 3; 2026: 1.
4 papers.
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- 2025Inverse Reinforcement Learning Meets Large Language Model Post-Training: Basics, Advances, and Opportunitiescited by 7
- 2025Language Ranker: A Lightweight Ranking framework for LLM Decodingcited by 2
- 2026Towards Bridging the Gap Between Offline and Iterative Alignment via Preference Distillationcited by 0
- 2026Towards Bridging the Gap Between Offline and Iterative Alignment via Preference Distillation7 Sep 2026
- 2025Language Ranker: A Lightweight Ranking framework for LLM Decoding23 Oct 2025
- 2025Inverse Reinforcement Learning Meets Large Language Model Post-Training: Basics, Advances, and Opportunities17 Jul 2025
- 2025Rethinking Diverse Human Preference Learning through Principal Component Analysis18 Feb 2025
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