How Susceptible are Large Language Models to Ideological Manipulation?
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Abstract (arXiv)
Large Language Models (LLMs) possess the potential to exert substantial influence on public perceptions and interactions with information. This raises concerns about the societal impact that could arise if the ideologies within these models can be easily manipulated. In this work, we investigate how effectively LLMs can learn and generalize ideological biases from their instruction-tuning data. Our findings reveal a concerning vulnerability: exposure to only a small amount of ideologically driven samples significantly alters the ideology of LLMs. Notably, LLMs demonstrate a startling ability to absorb ideology from one topic and generalize it to even unrelated ones. The ease with which LLMs' ideologies can be skewed underscores the risks associated with intentionally poisoned training data by malicious actors or inadvertently introduced biases by data annotators. It also emphasizes the imperative for robust safeguards to mitigate the influence of ideological manipulations on LLMs.
Key facts. Cited by 26 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 28 of its 35 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 18 Feb 2024.
Builds on
28 of 35 references.
References · 28
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- 2023Embedding Democratic Values into Social Media AIs via Societal Objective Functionscited by 25
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Citing papers per year: 2024: 4; 2025: 16; 2026: 6.
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- 2025IssueBench: Millions of Realistic Prompts for Measuring Issue Bias in LLM Writing Assistancecited by 22
- 2025Synthetic Socratic Debates: Examining Persona Effects on Moral Decision and Persuasion Dynamicscited by 19
- 2024COMMUNITY-CROSS-INSTRUCT: Unsupervised Instruction Generation for Aligning Large Language Models to Online Communitiescited by 12
- 2025Persuasion at Play: Understanding Misinformation Dynamics in Demographic-Aware Human-LLM Interactionscited by 10
- 2025Detecting and Filtering Unsafe Training Data via Data Attribution with Denoised Representationcited by 9
- 2025A Systematic Review of Poisoning Attacks Against Large Language Modelscited by 8
- 2025Generative Exaggeration in LLM Social Agents: Consistency, Bias, and Toxicitycited by 8
- 2025STEER-BENCH: A Benchmark for Evaluating the Steerability of Large Language Modelscited by 6
- 2025Understanding and Mitigating Political Stance Cross-topic Generalization in Large Language Modelscited by 6
- 2024Engagement-Driven Content Generation with Large Language Modelscited by 5
- 2025Political Ideology Shifts in Large Language Modelscited by 5
- 2025Simulating Influence Dynamics with LLM Agentscited by 4
14 more
- 2024SubData: Bridging Heterogeneous Datasets to Enable Theory-Driven Evaluation of Political and Demographic Perspectives in LLMscited by 3
- 2025A Detailed Factor Analysis for the Political Compass Test: Navigating Ideologies of Large Language Modelscited by 3
- 2025PoliCon: Evaluating LLMs on Achieving Diverse Political Consensus Objectivescited by 2
- 2025Are LLMs (Really) Ideological? An IRT-based Analysis and Alignment Tool for Perceived Socio-Economic Bias in LLMscited by 1
- 2025Ideology-Based LLMs for Content Moderationcited by 1
- 2026The Impact of Ideological Discourses in RAG: A Case Study with COVID-19 Treatmentscited by 1
- 2026Innocuous-Seeming Data, Latent Ideology: Ideological Generalisation in Finetuned LLMscited by 1
- 2024Large Language Models Reveal Information Operation Goals, Tactics, and Narrative Framescited by 0
- 2025Probing the Subtle Ideological Manipulation of Large Language Modelscited by 0
- 2025The Hidden Bias: A Study on Explicit and Implicit Political Stereotypes in Large Language Modelscited by 0
- 2026Bioalignment: Measuring and Improving LLM Disposition Toward Biological Systems for AI Safetycited by 0
- 2026Language Ideologies in a Multilingual Society: An LLM-based Analysis of Luxembourgish News Commentscited by 0
- 2026How Temperature Shapes Ideological Discourse in Retrieval-Augmented Generation?cited by 0
- 2026How Identity and Opinion Shape Political Sycophancy in LLMscited by 0
- 2026How Identity and Opinion Shape Political Sycophancy in LLMs29 Aug 2026
- 2026Innocuous-Seeming Data, Latent Ideology: Ideological Generalisation in Finetuned LLMs16 Jul 2026
- 2026How Temperature Shapes Ideological Discourse in Retrieval-Augmented Generation?13 Jul 2026
- 2026Language Ideologies in a Multilingual Society: An LLM-based Analysis of Luxembourgish News Comments30 Apr 2026
- 2026The Impact of Ideological Discourses in RAG: A Case Study with COVID-19 Treatments16 Mar 2026
- 2026Bioalignment: Measuring and Improving LLM Disposition Toward Biological Systems for AI Safety10 Mar 2026
- 2025Ideology-Based LLMs for Content Moderation29 Oct 2025
- 2025The Hidden Bias: A Study on Explicit and Implicit Political Stereotypes in Large Language Models9 Oct 2025
- 2025Political Ideology Shifts in Large Language Models22 Aug 2025
- 2025Understanding and Mitigating Political Stance Cross-topic Generalization in Large Language Models4 Aug 2025
- 2025Generative Exaggeration in LLM Social Agents: Consistency, Bias, and Toxicity1 Jul 2025
- 2025A Detailed Factor Analysis for the Political Compass Test: Navigating Ideologies of Large Language Models24 Jun 2025
14 more
- 2025Synthetic Socratic Debates: Examining Persona Effects on Moral Decision and Persuasion Dynamics14 Jun 2025
- 2025A Systematic Review of Poisoning Attacks Against Large Language Models6 Jun 2025
- 2025STEER-BENCH: A Benchmark for Evaluating the Steerability of Large Language Models27 May 2025
- 2025PoliCon: Evaluating LLMs on Achieving Diverse Political Consensus Objectives26 May 2025
- 2025Probing the Subtle Ideological Manipulation of Large Language Models19 Apr 2025
- 2025Are LLMs (Really) Ideological? An IRT-based Analysis and Alignment Tool for Perceived Socio-Economic Bias in LLMs17 Mar 2025
- 2025Simulating Influence Dynamics with LLM Agents10 Mar 2025
- 2025Persuasion at Play: Understanding Misinformation Dynamics in Demographic-Aware Human-LLM Interactions3 Mar 2025
- 2025Detecting and Filtering Unsafe Training Data via Data Attribution with Denoised Representation17 Feb 2025
- 2025IssueBench: Millions of Realistic Prompts for Measuring Issue Bias in LLM Writing Assistance12 Feb 2025
- 2024SubData: Bridging Heterogeneous Datasets to Enable Theory-Driven Evaluation of Political and Demographic Perspectives in LLMs21 Dec 2024
- 2024Engagement-Driven Content Generation with Large Language Models20 Nov 2024
- 2024COMMUNITY-CROSS-INSTRUCT: Unsupervised Instruction Generation for Aligning Large Language Models to Online Communities17 Jun 2024
- 2024Large Language Models Reveal Information Operation Goals, Tactics, and Narrative Frames6 May 2024
- 2025IssueBench: Millions of Realistic Prompts for Measuring Issue Bias in LLM Writing Assistancecited by 22
- 2025Synthetic Socratic Debates: Examining Persona Effects on Moral Decision and Persuasion Dynamicscited by 19
- 2025Detecting and Filtering Unsafe Training Data via Data Attribution with Denoised Representationcited by 9
- 2025A Systematic Review of Poisoning Attacks Against Large Language Modelscited by 8
- 2025STEER-BENCH: A Benchmark for Evaluating the Steerability of Large Language Modelscited by 6
- 2025Understanding and Mitigating Political Stance Cross-topic Generalization in Large Language Modelscited by 6
- 2024Engagement-Driven Content Generation with Large Language Modelscited by 5
- 2025Political Ideology Shifts in Large Language Modelscited by 5
- 2024SubData: Bridging Heterogeneous Datasets to Enable Theory-Driven Evaluation of Political and Demographic Perspectives in LLMscited by 3
- 2025A Detailed Factor Analysis for the Political Compass Test: Navigating Ideologies of Large Language Modelscited by 3
- 2025PoliCon: Evaluating LLMs on Achieving Diverse Political Consensus Objectivescited by 2
- 2025Are LLMs (Really) Ideological? An IRT-based Analysis and Alignment Tool for Perceived Socio-Economic Bias in LLMscited by 1
12 most cited of 20 All 20 (JSON)
- 2026How Identity and Opinion Shape Political Sycophancy in LLMs29 Aug 2026
- 2026Innocuous-Seeming Data, Latent Ideology: Ideological Generalisation in Finetuned LLMs16 Jul 2026
- 2026Language Ideologies in a Multilingual Society: An LLM-based Analysis of Luxembourgish News Comments30 Apr 2026
- 2026Bioalignment: Measuring and Improving LLM Disposition Toward Biological Systems for AI Safety10 Mar 2026
- 2025Ideology-Based LLMs for Content Moderation29 Oct 2025
- 2025The Hidden Bias: A Study on Explicit and Implicit Political Stereotypes in Large Language Models9 Oct 2025
- 2025Political Ideology Shifts in Large Language Models22 Aug 2025
- 2025Understanding and Mitigating Political Stance Cross-topic Generalization in Large Language Models4 Aug 2025
- 2025A Detailed Factor Analysis for the Political Compass Test: Navigating Ideologies of Large Language Models24 Jun 2025
- 2025Synthetic Socratic Debates: Examining Persona Effects on Moral Decision and Persuasion Dynamics14 Jun 2025
- 2025A Systematic Review of Poisoning Attacks Against Large Language Models6 Jun 2025
- 2025STEER-BENCH: A Benchmark for Evaluating the Steerability of Large Language Models27 May 2025
12 newest of 20 All 20 (JSON)