HARP: A challenging human-annotated math reasoning benchmark
On the map: LLM reasoning → Mathematical reasoning
Abstract (arXiv)
Math reasoning is becoming an ever increasing area of focus as we scale large language models. However, even the previously-toughest evals like MATH are now close to saturated by frontier models (90.0% for o1-mini and 86.5% for Gemini 1.5 Pro). We introduce HARP, Human Annotated Reasoning Problems (for Math), consisting of 5,409 problems from the US national math competitions (A(J)HSME, AMC, AIME, USA(J)MO). Of these, 4,780 have answers that are automatically check-able (with libraries such as SymPy). These problems range six difficulty levels, with frontier models performing relatively poorly on the hardest bracket of 197 problems (average accuracy 41.1% for o1-mini, and 9.6% for Gemini 1.5 Pro). Our dataset also features multiple choices (for 4,110 problems) and an average of two human-written, ground-truth solutions per problem, offering new avenues of research that we explore briefly. We report evaluations for many frontier models and share some interesting analyses, such as demonstrating that frontier models across families intrinsically scale their inference-time compute for more difficult problems. Finally, we open source all code used for dataset construction (including scraping) and all code for evaluation (including answer checking) to enable future research at: https://github.com/aadityasingh/HARP.
Key facts. Cited by 26 papers in the map (data through 13 Oct 2026). Placed in Mathematical reasoning, one of 17 directions in LLM reasoning. Builds on 22 of its 38 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 11 Dec 2024.
Builds on
22 of 38 references.
Closest ancestors · 5
Same direction, newest first
- 2024FrontierMath: A Benchmark for Evaluating Advanced Mathematical Reasoning in AI7 Nov
- 2024Omni-MATH: A Universal Olympiad Level Mathematic Benchmark For Large Language Models10 Oct
- 2024RL on Incorrect Synthetic Data Scales the Efficiency of LLM Math Reasoning by Eight-Fold20 Jun
- 2024A Careful Examination of Large Language Model Performance on Grade School Arithmetic1 May
- 2023OpenWebMath: An Open Dataset of High-Quality Mathematical Web Text10 Oct
Other references · 17
- 2024The Llama 3 Herd of Modelscited by 14,486
- 2021Training Verifiers to Solve Math Word Problemscited by 9,916
- 2021Evaluating Large Language Models Trained on Codecited by 8,205
- 2024Gemini 1.5: Unlocking multimodal understanding across millions of tokens of contextcited by 3,197
- 2024Large Language Monkeys: Scaling Inference Compute with Repeated Samplingcited by 970
- 2022STaR: Bootstrapping Reasoning With Reasoningcited by 913
- 2023Beyond Human Data: Scaling Self-Training for Problem-Solving with Language Modelscited by 337
- 2024V-STaR: Training Verifiers for Self-Taught Reasonerscited by 216
- 2022Language models show human-like content effects on reasoning taskscited by 172
- 2023Rephrase and Respond: Let Large Language Models Ask Better Questions for Themselvescited by 123
- 2023Data Diversity Matters for Robust Instruction Tuningcited by 76
- 2024Open-LLM-Leaderboard: From Multi-choice to Open-style Questions for LLMs Evaluation, Benchmark, and Arenacited by 76
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- 2024Quantifying Variance in Evaluation Benchmarkscited by 53
- 2024MathOdyssey: Benchmarking Mathematical Problem-Solving Skills in Large Language Models Using Odyssey Math Datacited by 51
- 2024Changing Answer Order Can Decrease MMLU Accuracycited by 42
- 2024Evaluation data contamination in LLMs: how do we measure it and (when) does it matter?cited by 31
- 2024Keep Guessing? When Considering Inference Scaling, Mind the Baselinescited by 3
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Citing papers per year: 2025: 16; 2026: 10.
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- 2025Big-Math: A Large-Scale, High-Quality Math Dataset for Reinforcement Learning in Language Modelscited by 106
- 2025CWM: An Open-Weights LLM for Research on Code Generation with World Modelscited by 90
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- 2025Reliable Fine-Grained Evaluation of Natural Language Math Proofscited by 14
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- 2026Teaching Models to Teach Themselves: Reasoning at the Edge of Learnabilitycited by 13
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- 2026RLVR Datasets and Where to Find Them: Tracing Data Lineage for Better Training Datacited by 1
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- 2026The CompMath-MCQ Dataset: Are LLMs Ready for Higher-Level Math?cited by 0
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- 2026COMPASS: Finding Where Reasoning Lives in Language Modelscited by 0
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- 2026Re2Math: Benchmarking Theorem Retrieval in Research-Level Mathematics9 May 2026
- 2026Strategy Executability in Mathematical Reasoning: Leveraging Human-Model Differences for Effective Guidance26 Feb 2026
- 2026The CompMath-MCQ Dataset: Are LLMs Ready for Higher-Level Math?11 Feb 2026
- 2026Making Expert Reasoning Learnable with Self-Distillation2 Feb 2026
- 2026ConceptMoE: Adaptive Token-to-Concept Compression for Implicit Compute Allocation29 Jan 2026
- 2026Teaching Models to Teach Themselves: Reasoning at the Edge of Learnability26 Jan 2026
- 2026DialDefer: A Framework for Detecting and Mitigating LLM Dialogic Deference15 Jan 2026
- 2025CombiGraph-Vis: A Curated Multimodal Olympiad Benchmark for Discrete Mathematical Reasoning31 Oct 2025
- 2025Reliable Fine-Grained Evaluation of Natural Language Math Proofs14 Oct 2025
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- 2025EngiBench: A Benchmark for Evaluating Large Language Models on Engineering Problem Solving22 Sep 2025
- 2025Towards High Data Efficiency in Reinforcement Learning with Verifiable Reward1 Sep 2025
- 2025MiroMind-M1: An Open-Source Advancement in Mathematical Reasoning via Context-Aware Multi-Stage Policy Optimization19 Jul 2025
- 2025A Survey of Deep Learning for Geometry Problem Solving16 Jul 2025
- 2025MathArena: Evaluating LLMs on Uncontaminated Math Competitions29 May 2025
- 2025GeoGramBench: Benchmarking the Geometric Program Reasoning in Modern LLMs23 May 2025
- 2025EasyMath: A 0-shot Math Benchmark for SLMs20 May 2025
- 2025Brains vs. Bytes: Evaluating LLM Proficiency in Olympiad Mathematics1 Apr 2025
- 2025Beyond Verifiable Rewards: Scaling Reinforcement Learning for Language Models to Unverifiable Data25 Mar 2025
- 2025Optimizing Language Models for Inference Time Objectives using Reinforcement Learning25 Mar 2025
- 2025Big-Math: A Large-Scale, High-Quality Math Dataset for Reinforcement Learning in Language Models24 Feb 2025
- 2025MathArena: Evaluating LLMs on Uncontaminated Math Competitionscited by 281
- 2025Big-Math: A Large-Scale, High-Quality Math Dataset for Reinforcement Learning in Language Modelscited by 106
- 2025What Characterizes Effective Reasoning? Revisiting Length, Review, and Structure of CoTcited by 24
- 2025Brains vs. Bytes: Evaluating LLM Proficiency in Olympiad Mathematicscited by 22
- 2025Towards High Data Efficiency in Reinforcement Learning with Verifiable Rewardcited by 17
- 2025Reliable Fine-Grained Evaluation of Natural Language Math Proofscited by 14
- 2025GeoGramBench: Benchmarking the Geometric Program Reasoning in Modern LLMscited by 13
- 2026Teaching Models to Teach Themselves: Reasoning at the Edge of Learnabilitycited by 13
- 2025MiroMind-M1: An Open-Source Advancement in Mathematical Reasoning via Context-Aware Multi-Stage Policy Optimizationcited by 12
- 2025EngiBench: A Benchmark for Evaluating Large Language Models on Engineering Problem Solvingcited by 10
- 2025A Survey of Deep Learning for Geometry Problem Solvingcited by 4
- 2025CombiGraph-Vis: A Curated Multimodal Olympiad Benchmark for Discrete Mathematical Reasoningcited by 2
12 most cited of 19 All 19 (JSON)
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- 2026CrowdMath: A Dataset of Crowdsourced Mathematical Research Discussions2 Jun 2026
- 2026Re2Math: Benchmarking Theorem Retrieval in Research-Level Mathematics9 May 2026
- 2026Strategy Executability in Mathematical Reasoning: Leveraging Human-Model Differences for Effective Guidance26 Feb 2026
- 2026The CompMath-MCQ Dataset: Are LLMs Ready for Higher-Level Math?11 Feb 2026
- 2026Making Expert Reasoning Learnable with Self-Distillation2 Feb 2026
- 2026Teaching Models to Teach Themselves: Reasoning at the Edge of Learnability26 Jan 2026
- 2025CombiGraph-Vis: A Curated Multimodal Olympiad Benchmark for Discrete Mathematical Reasoning31 Oct 2025
- 2025Reliable Fine-Grained Evaluation of Natural Language Math Proofs14 Oct 2025
- 2025What Characterizes Effective Reasoning? Revisiting Length, Review, and Structure of CoT23 Sep 2025
- 2025EngiBench: A Benchmark for Evaluating Large Language Models on Engineering Problem Solving22 Sep 2025
- 2025Towards High Data Efficiency in Reinforcement Learning with Verifiable Reward1 Sep 2025
12 newest of 19 All 19 (JSON)
- 2025Optimizing Language Models for Inference Time Objectives using Reinforcement Learningcited by 51
- 2025Beyond Verifiable Rewards: Scaling Reinforcement Learning for Language Models to Unverifiable Datacited by 29
- 2026DialDefer: A Framework for Detecting and Mitigating LLM Dialogic Deferencecited by 1
- 2026RLVR Datasets and Where to Find Them: Tracing Data Lineage for Better Training Datacited by 1
- 2026RLVR Datasets and Where to Find Them: Tracing Data Lineage for Better Training Data26 May 2026
- 2026DialDefer: A Framework for Detecting and Mitigating LLM Dialogic Deference15 Jan 2026
- 2025Beyond Verifiable Rewards: Scaling Reinforcement Learning for Language Models to Unverifiable Data25 Mar 2025
- 2025Optimizing Language Models for Inference Time Objectives using Reinforcement Learning25 Mar 2025
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