ToolFlow: Boosting LLM Tool-Calling Through Natural and Coherent Dialogue Synthesis
On the map: LLM agents and tool use → Tool learning and function calling
Abstract (arXiv)
Supervised fine-tuning (SFT) is a common method to enhance the tool calling capabilities of Large Language Models (LLMs), with the training data often being synthesized. The current data synthesis process generally involves sampling a set of tools, formulating a requirement based on these tools, and generating the call statements. However, tools sampled randomly lack relevance, making them difficult to combine and thus reducing the diversity of the data. Additionally, current work overlooks the coherence between turns of dialogues, leading to a gap between the synthesized data and real-world scenarios. To address these issues, we propose a Graph-based Sampling strategy to sample more relevant tool combinations, and a Planned-generation strategy to create plans that guide the synthesis of coherent dialogues. We integrate these two strategies and enable multiple agents to synthesize the dialogue data interactively, resulting in our tool-calling data synthesis pipeline ToolFlow. Data quality assessments demonstrate improvements in the naturalness and coherence of our synthesized dialogues. Finally, we apply SFT on LLaMA-3.1-8B using 8,000 synthetic dialogues generated with ToolFlow. Results show that the model achieves tool-calling performance comparable to or even surpassing GPT-4, while maintaining strong general capabilities.
Key facts. Cited by 27 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Placed in Tool learning and function calling, one of 16 directions in LLM agents and tool use. Builds on 25 of its 29 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 24 Oct 2024.
Builds on
25 of 29 references.
Closest ancestors · 9
Same direction, newest first
- 2024ToolACE: Winning the Points of LLM Function Calling2 Sep
- 2024Granite-Function Calling Model: Introducing Function Calling Abilities via Multi-task Learning of Granular Tasks27 Jun
- 2024APIGen: Automated Pipeline for Generating Verifiable and Diverse Function-Calling Datasets26 Jun
- 2024API-BLEND: A Comprehensive Corpora for Training and Benchmarking API LLMs23 Feb
- 2023ToolLLM: Facilitating Large Language Models to Master 16000+ Real-world APIs31 Jul
- 2023ToolAlpaca: Generalized Tool Learning for Language Models with 3000 Simulated Cases8 Jun
- 2023GPT4Tools: Teaching Large Language Model to Use Tools via Self-instruction30 May
- 2023Gorilla: Large Language Model Connected with Massive APIs24 May
- 2023Toolformer: Language Models Can Teach Themselves to Use Tools9 Feb
Other references · 16
- 2024The Llama 3 Herd of Modelscited by 14,192
- 2023Llama 2: Open Foundation and Fine-Tuned Chat Modelscited by 12,865
- 2019Sentence-BERT: Sentence Embeddings using Siamese BERT-Networkscited by 9,049
- 2023Judging LLM-as-a-Judge with MT-Bench and Chatbot Arenacited by 8,393
- 2022ReAct: Synergizing Reasoning and Acting in Language Modelscited by 8,355
- 2020Measuring Massive Multitask Language Understandingcited by 7,768
- 2022Constitutional AI: Harmlessness from AI Feedbackcited by 2,950
- 2022Self-Instruct: Aligning Language Models with Self-Generated Instructionscited by 2,674
- 2022Challenging BIG-Bench Tasks and Whether Chain-of-Thought Can Solve Themcited by 1,767
- 2023WizardLM: Empowering large pre-trained language models to follow complex instructionscited by 1,116
- 2015A Diversity-Promoting Objective Function for Neural Conversation Modelscited by 1,068
- 2018MultiWOZ -- A Large-Scale Multi-Domain Wizard-of-Oz Dataset for Task-Oriented Dialogue Modellingcited by 760
4 more
- 2023Augmented Language Models: a Surveycited by 398
- 2024xLAM: A Family of Large Action Models to Empower AI Agent Systemscited by 108
- 2023TPTU: Large Language Model-based AI Agents for Task Planning and Tool Usagecited by 54
- 2019Evaluating Coherence in Dialogue Systems using Entailmentcited by 53
Built on by
Citing papers per year: 2025: 13; 2026: 14.
27 papers.
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- 2025A Comprehensive Survey in LLM(-Agent) Full Stack Safety: Data, Training and Deploymentcited by 110
- 2025ACEBench: Who Wins the Match Point in Tool Usage?cited by 66
- 2025FalseReject: A Resource for Improving Contextual Safety and Mitigating Over-Refusals in LLMs via Structured Reasoningcited by 53
- 2025Find Your Optimal Teacher: Personalized Data Synthesis via Router-Guided Multi-Teacher Distillationcited by 15
- 2026When Tools Fail: Benchmarking Dynamic Replanning and Anomaly Recovery in LLM Agentscited by 15
- 2025Graph-Augmented Large Language Model Agents: Current Progress and Future Prospectscited by 14
- 2025GTM: Simulating the World of Tools for AI Agentscited by 12
- 2025ToolACE-MT: Non-Autoregressive Generation for Agentic Multi-Turn Interactioncited by 11
- 2026EnvFactory: Scaling Tool-Use Agents via Executable Environments Synthesis and Robust RLcited by 11
- 2025ToolACE-R: Model-aware Iterative Training and Adaptive Refinement for Tool Learningcited by 9
- 2026ACE-Router: Generalizing History-Aware Routing from MCP Tools to the Agent Webcited by 7
- 2025Experience-Evolving Multi-Turn Tool-Use Agent with Hybrid Episodic-Procedural Memorycited by 6
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- 2026UniToolCall: Unifying Tool-Use Representation, Data, and Evaluation for LLM Agentscited by 3
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- 2026What Makes Good Agentic Data? An ACE Lens on Data Generation for LLM Agentscited by 2
- 2025One-Pass to Reason: Token Duplication and Block-Sparse Mask for Efficient Fine-Tuning on Multi-Turn Reasoningcited by 1
- 2025Planning Agents on an Ego-Trip: Leveraging Hybrid Ego-Graph Ensembles for Improved Tool Retrieval in Enterprise Task Planningcited by 1
- 2025GOAT: A Training Framework for Goal-Oriented Agent with Toolscited by 1
- 2026ToolWeave: Structured Synthesis of Complex Multi-Turn Tool-Calling Dialoguescited by 1
- 2025Coinvisor: An RL-Enhanced Chatbot Agent for Interactive Cryptocurrency Investment Analysiscited by 0
- 2026Linguistic and Argument Diversity in Synthetic Data for Function-Calling Agentscited by 0
- 2026The Remarkable Effectiveness of Providing AI Agents with Natural Language Tools: A Replication Study Validating NLT Performance Across 14 Modelscited by 0
- 2026Data Turnstile: A Scalable Open Framework for Function-Calling Data Generationcited by 0
- 2026SAP: State-Guided Data Synthesis with Argument Provenance for Multi-Turn Tool Usecited by 0
- 2026ToolLoop: Closed-Loop Tool-Use Data Synthesis via Decomposed Generation and Dynamic Self-Feedbackcited by 0
- 2026Speculative Safety Honeypot: Toward Proactive Defense Against Multi-turn Agent Attackscited by 0
- 2026Speculative Safety Honeypot: Toward Proactive Defense Against Multi-turn Agent Attacks30 Sep 2026
- 2026ToolLoop: Closed-Loop Tool-Use Data Synthesis via Decomposed Generation and Dynamic Self-Feedback8 Sep 2026
- 2026SAP: State-Guided Data Synthesis with Argument Provenance for Multi-Turn Tool Use5 Sep 2026
- 2026What Makes Good Agentic Data? An ACE Lens on Data Generation for LLM Agents27 Aug 2026
- 2026Data Turnstile: A Scalable Open Framework for Function-Calling Data Generation31 Jul 2026
- 2026The Remarkable Effectiveness of Providing AI Agents with Natural Language Tools: A Replication Study Validating NLT Performance Across 14 Models4 Jul 2026
- 2026When Tools Fail: Benchmarking Dynamic Replanning and Anomaly Recovery in LLM Agents4 Jun 2026
- 2026EnvFactory: Scaling Tool-Use Agents via Executable Environments Synthesis and Robust RL18 May 2026
- 2026UniToolCall: Unifying Tool-Use Representation, Data, and Evaluation for LLM Agents13 Apr 2026
- 2026ToolWeave: Structured Synthesis of Complex Multi-Turn Tool-Calling Dialogues3 Apr 2026
- 2026FinToolSyn: A forward synthesis Framework for Financial Tool-Use Dialogue Data with Dynamic Tool Retrieval25 Mar 2026
- 2026MagicAgent: Towards Generalized Agent Planning22 Feb 2026
15 more
- 2026Linguistic and Argument Diversity in Synthetic Data for Function-Calling Agents25 Jan 2026
- 2026ACE-Router: Generalizing History-Aware Routing from MCP Tools to the Agent Web13 Jan 2026
- 2025Experience-Evolving Multi-Turn Tool-Use Agent with Hybrid Episodic-Procedural Memory8 Dec 2025
- 2025GTM: Simulating the World of Tools for AI Agents4 Dec 2025
- 2025Coinvisor: An RL-Enhanced Chatbot Agent for Interactive Cryptocurrency Investment Analysis20 Oct 2025
- 2025GOAT: A Training Framework for Goal-Oriented Agent with Tools14 Oct 2025
- 2025Find Your Optimal Teacher: Personalized Data Synthesis via Router-Guided Multi-Teacher Distillation13 Oct 2025
- 2025ToolACE-MT: Non-Autoregressive Generation for Agentic Multi-Turn Interaction18 Aug 2025
- 2025Planning Agents on an Ego-Trip: Leveraging Hybrid Ego-Graph Ensembles for Improved Tool Retrieval in Enterprise Task Planning7 Aug 2025
- 2025Graph-Augmented Large Language Model Agents: Current Progress and Future Prospects29 Jul 2025
- 2025FalseReject: A Resource for Improving Contextual Safety and Mitigating Over-Refusals in LLMs via Structured Reasoning12 May 2025
- 2025One-Pass to Reason: Token Duplication and Block-Sparse Mask for Efficient Fine-Tuning on Multi-Turn Reasoning25 Apr 2025
- 2025A Comprehensive Survey in LLM(-Agent) Full Stack Safety: Data, Training and Deployment22 Apr 2025
- 2025ToolACE-R: Model-aware Iterative Training and Adaptive Refinement for Tool Learning2 Apr 2025
- 2025ACEBench: Who Wins the Match Point in Tool Usage?22 Jan 2025
- 2025ACEBench: Who Wins the Match Point in Tool Usage?cited by 66
- 2025Graph-Augmented Large Language Model Agents: Current Progress and Future Prospectscited by 14
- 2025GTM: Simulating the World of Tools for AI Agentscited by 12
- 2025ToolACE-MT: Non-Autoregressive Generation for Agentic Multi-Turn Interactioncited by 11
- 2026EnvFactory: Scaling Tool-Use Agents via Executable Environments Synthesis and Robust RLcited by 11
- 2025ToolACE-R: Model-aware Iterative Training and Adaptive Refinement for Tool Learningcited by 9
- 2026ACE-Router: Generalizing History-Aware Routing from MCP Tools to the Agent Webcited by 7
- 2026FinToolSyn: A forward synthesis Framework for Financial Tool-Use Dialogue Data with Dynamic Tool Retrievalcited by 3
- 2026UniToolCall: Unifying Tool-Use Representation, Data, and Evaluation for LLM Agentscited by 3
- 2026MagicAgent: Towards Generalized Agent Planningcited by 2
- 2026What Makes Good Agentic Data? An ACE Lens on Data Generation for LLM Agentscited by 2
- 2026ToolWeave: Structured Synthesis of Complex Multi-Turn Tool-Calling Dialoguescited by 1
12 most cited of 19 All 19 (JSON)
- 2026Speculative Safety Honeypot: Toward Proactive Defense Against Multi-turn Agent Attacks30 Sep 2026
- 2026ToolLoop: Closed-Loop Tool-Use Data Synthesis via Decomposed Generation and Dynamic Self-Feedback8 Sep 2026
- 2026SAP: State-Guided Data Synthesis with Argument Provenance for Multi-Turn Tool Use5 Sep 2026
- 2026What Makes Good Agentic Data? An ACE Lens on Data Generation for LLM Agents27 Aug 2026
- 2026Data Turnstile: A Scalable Open Framework for Function-Calling Data Generation31 Jul 2026
- 2026The Remarkable Effectiveness of Providing AI Agents with Natural Language Tools: A Replication Study Validating NLT Performance Across 14 Models4 Jul 2026
- 2026EnvFactory: Scaling Tool-Use Agents via Executable Environments Synthesis and Robust RL18 May 2026
- 2026UniToolCall: Unifying Tool-Use Representation, Data, and Evaluation for LLM Agents13 Apr 2026
- 2026ToolWeave: Structured Synthesis of Complex Multi-Turn Tool-Calling Dialogues3 Apr 2026
- 2026FinToolSyn: A forward synthesis Framework for Financial Tool-Use Dialogue Data with Dynamic Tool Retrieval25 Mar 2026
- 2026MagicAgent: Towards Generalized Agent Planning22 Feb 2026
- 2026Linguistic and Argument Diversity in Synthetic Data for Function-Calling Agents25 Jan 2026
12 newest of 19 All 19 (JSON)
- 2025A Comprehensive Survey in LLM(-Agent) Full Stack Safety: Data, Training and Deploymentcited by 110
- 2025FalseReject: A Resource for Improving Contextual Safety and Mitigating Over-Refusals in LLMs via Structured Reasoningcited by 53
- 2026When Tools Fail: Benchmarking Dynamic Replanning and Anomaly Recovery in LLM Agentscited by 15
- 2025One-Pass to Reason: Token Duplication and Block-Sparse Mask for Efficient Fine-Tuning on Multi-Turn Reasoningcited by 1
- 2025GOAT: A Training Framework for Goal-Oriented Agent with Toolscited by 1
- 2026When Tools Fail: Benchmarking Dynamic Replanning and Anomaly Recovery in LLM Agents4 Jun 2026
- 2025GOAT: A Training Framework for Goal-Oriented Agent with Tools14 Oct 2025
- 2025FalseReject: A Resource for Improving Contextual Safety and Mitigating Over-Refusals in LLMs via Structured Reasoning12 May 2025
- 2025One-Pass to Reason: Token Duplication and Block-Sparse Mask for Efficient Fine-Tuning on Multi-Turn Reasoning25 Apr 2025
- 2025A Comprehensive Survey in LLM(-Agent) Full Stack Safety: Data, Training and Deployment22 Apr 2025
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