mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

ToolFlow: Boosting LLM Tool-Calling Through Natural and Coherent Dialogue Synthesis

arXiv 2410.18447 ↗First posted 24 Oct 2024cs.CLcited by 27

On the map: LLM agents and tool use → Tool learning and function calling

Abstract (arXiv)

Supervised fine-tuning (SFT) is a common method to enhance the tool calling capabilities of Large Language Models (LLMs), with the training data often being synthesized. The current data synthesis process generally involves sampling a set of tools, formulating a requirement based on these tools, and generating the call statements. However, tools sampled randomly lack relevance, making them difficult to combine and thus reducing the diversity of the data. Additionally, current work overlooks the coherence between turns of dialogues, leading to a gap between the synthesized data and real-world scenarios. To address these issues, we propose a Graph-based Sampling strategy to sample more relevant tool combinations, and a Planned-generation strategy to create plans that guide the synthesis of coherent dialogues. We integrate these two strategies and enable multiple agents to synthesize the dialogue data interactively, resulting in our tool-calling data synthesis pipeline ToolFlow. Data quality assessments demonstrate improvements in the naturalness and coherence of our synthesized dialogues. Finally, we apply SFT on LLaMA-3.1-8B using 8,000 synthetic dialogues generated with ToolFlow. Results show that the model achieves tool-calling performance comparable to or even surpassing GPT-4, while maintaining strong general capabilities.

Key facts. Cited by 27 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Placed in Tool learning and function calling, one of 16 directions in LLM agents and tool use. Builds on 25 of its 29 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 24 Oct 2024.

Builds on

25 of 29 references.

Closest ancestors · 9

Same direction, newest first

  1. 2024ToolACE: Winning the Points of LLM Function Calling2 Sep
  2. 2024Granite-Function Calling Model: Introducing Function Calling Abilities via Multi-task Learning of Granular Tasks27 Jun
  3. 2024APIGen: Automated Pipeline for Generating Verifiable and Diverse Function-Calling Datasets26 Jun
  4. 2024API-BLEND: A Comprehensive Corpora for Training and Benchmarking API LLMs23 Feb
  5. 2023ToolLLM: Facilitating Large Language Models to Master 16000+ Real-world APIs31 Jul
  6. 2023ToolAlpaca: Generalized Tool Learning for Language Models with 3000 Simulated Cases8 Jun
  7. 2023GPT4Tools: Teaching Large Language Model to Use Tools via Self-instruction30 May
  8. 2023Gorilla: Large Language Model Connected with Massive APIs24 May
  9. 2023Toolformer: Language Models Can Teach Themselves to Use Tools9 Feb

Other references · 16

  1. 2024The Llama 3 Herd of Modelscited by 14,192
  2. 2023Llama 2: Open Foundation and Fine-Tuned Chat Modelscited by 12,865
  3. 2019Sentence-BERT: Sentence Embeddings using Siamese BERT-Networkscited by 9,049
  4. 2023Judging LLM-as-a-Judge with MT-Bench and Chatbot Arenacited by 8,393
  5. 2022ReAct: Synergizing Reasoning and Acting in Language Modelscited by 8,355
  6. 2020Measuring Massive Multitask Language Understandingcited by 7,768
  7. 2022Constitutional AI: Harmlessness from AI Feedbackcited by 2,950
  8. 2022Self-Instruct: Aligning Language Models with Self-Generated Instructionscited by 2,674
  9. 2022Challenging BIG-Bench Tasks and Whether Chain-of-Thought Can Solve Themcited by 1,767
  10. 2023WizardLM: Empowering large pre-trained language models to follow complex instructionscited by 1,116
  11. 2015A Diversity-Promoting Objective Function for Neural Conversation Modelscited by 1,068
  12. 2018MultiWOZ -- A Large-Scale Multi-Domain Wizard-of-Oz Dataset for Task-Oriented Dialogue Modellingcited by 760
4 more
  1. 2023Augmented Language Models: a Surveycited by 398
  2. 2024xLAM: A Family of Large Action Models to Empower AI Agent Systemscited by 108
  3. 2023TPTU: Large Language Model-based AI Agents for Task Planning and Tool Usagecited by 54
  4. 2019Evaluating Coherence in Dialogue Systems using Entailmentcited by 53

Built on by

Cited by year (2026 to 7 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2025: 13; 2026: 14.

27 papers.

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By area:

  1. 2025A Comprehensive Survey in LLM(-Agent) Full Stack Safety: Data, Training and Deploymentcited by 110
  2. 2025ACEBench: Who Wins the Match Point in Tool Usage?cited by 66
  3. 2025FalseReject: A Resource for Improving Contextual Safety and Mitigating Over-Refusals in LLMs via Structured Reasoningcited by 53
  4. 2025Find Your Optimal Teacher: Personalized Data Synthesis via Router-Guided Multi-Teacher Distillationcited by 15
  5. 2026When Tools Fail: Benchmarking Dynamic Replanning and Anomaly Recovery in LLM Agentscited by 15
  6. 2025Graph-Augmented Large Language Model Agents: Current Progress and Future Prospectscited by 14
  7. 2025GTM: Simulating the World of Tools for AI Agentscited by 12
  8. 2025ToolACE-MT: Non-Autoregressive Generation for Agentic Multi-Turn Interactioncited by 11
  9. 2026EnvFactory: Scaling Tool-Use Agents via Executable Environments Synthesis and Robust RLcited by 11
  10. 2025ToolACE-R: Model-aware Iterative Training and Adaptive Refinement for Tool Learningcited by 9
  11. 2026ACE-Router: Generalizing History-Aware Routing from MCP Tools to the Agent Webcited by 7
  12. 2025Experience-Evolving Multi-Turn Tool-Use Agent with Hybrid Episodic-Procedural Memorycited by 6
15 more
  1. 2026FinToolSyn: A forward synthesis Framework for Financial Tool-Use Dialogue Data with Dynamic Tool Retrievalcited by 3
  2. 2026UniToolCall: Unifying Tool-Use Representation, Data, and Evaluation for LLM Agentscited by 3
  3. 2026MagicAgent: Towards Generalized Agent Planningcited by 2
  4. 2026What Makes Good Agentic Data? An ACE Lens on Data Generation for LLM Agentscited by 2
  5. 2025One-Pass to Reason: Token Duplication and Block-Sparse Mask for Efficient Fine-Tuning on Multi-Turn Reasoningcited by 1
  6. 2025Planning Agents on an Ego-Trip: Leveraging Hybrid Ego-Graph Ensembles for Improved Tool Retrieval in Enterprise Task Planningcited by 1
  7. 2025GOAT: A Training Framework for Goal-Oriented Agent with Toolscited by 1
  8. 2026ToolWeave: Structured Synthesis of Complex Multi-Turn Tool-Calling Dialoguescited by 1
  9. 2025Coinvisor: An RL-Enhanced Chatbot Agent for Interactive Cryptocurrency Investment Analysiscited by 0
  10. 2026Linguistic and Argument Diversity in Synthetic Data for Function-Calling Agentscited by 0
  11. 2026The Remarkable Effectiveness of Providing AI Agents with Natural Language Tools: A Replication Study Validating NLT Performance Across 14 Modelscited by 0
  12. 2026Data Turnstile: A Scalable Open Framework for Function-Calling Data Generationcited by 0
  13. 2026SAP: State-Guided Data Synthesis with Argument Provenance for Multi-Turn Tool Usecited by 0
  14. 2026ToolLoop: Closed-Loop Tool-Use Data Synthesis via Decomposed Generation and Dynamic Self-Feedbackcited by 0
  15. 2026Speculative Safety Honeypot: Toward Proactive Defense Against Multi-turn Agent Attackscited by 0

Similar, not cited

Close in wording, no citation either way

  1. 2025ToolMind Technical Report: A Large-Scale, Reasoning-Enhanced Tool-Use Dataset
  2. 2025Massive Supervised Fine-tuning Experiments Reveal How Data, Layer, and Training Factors Shape LLM Alignment Quality
  3. 2026Getting the Parameters Right: A Difficulty-Graded Benchmark and Probe-Guided Training for LLM Tool Calls
  4. 2025SyGra: A Unified Graph-Based Framework for Scalable Generation, Quality Tagging, and Management of Synthetic Data
  5. 2025Condor: Enhance LLM Alignment with Knowledge-Driven Data Synthesis and Refinement
  6. 2026SFT or RL for Tool-Calling Agents? A Controlled Study Across Data, Method, and Scale
  7. 2024Small LLMs Are Weak Tool Learners: A Multi-LLM Agent
  8. 2026LLM-Driven Multi-Turn Task-Oriented Dialogue Synthesis for Realistic Reasoning