Achieving Generalization in Orchestrating GNSS Interference Monitoring Stations Through Pseudo-Labeling
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Abstract (arXiv)
The accuracy of global navigation satellite system (GNSS) receivers is significantly compromised by interference from jamming devices. Consequently, the detection of these jammers are crucial to mitigating such interference signals. However, robust classification of interference using machine learning (ML) models is challenging due to the lack of labeled data in real-world environments. In this paper, we propose an ML approach that achieves high generalization in classifying interference through orchestrated monitoring stations deployed along highways. We present a semi-supervised approach coupled with an uncertainty-based voting mechanism by combining Monte Carlo and Deep Ensembles that effectively minimizes the requirement for labeled training samples to less than 5% of the dataset while improving adaptability across varying environments. Our method demonstrates strong performance when adapted from indoor environments to real-world scenarios.
Key facts. Cited by 6 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 9 of its 23 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 3 Oct 2024.
Builds on
9 of 23 references.
References · 9
- 2015Deep Residual Learning for Image Recognitioncited by 51,809
- 2015Dropout as a Bayesian Approximation: Representing Model Uncertainty in Deep Learningcited by 4,416
- 2016Simple and Scalable Predictive Uncertainty Estimation using Deep Ensemblescited by 3,888
- 2019MixMatch: A Holistic Approach to Semi-Supervised Learningcited by 1,390
- 2021In Defense of Pseudo-Labeling: An Uncertainty-Aware Pseudo-label Selection Framework for Semi-Supervised Learningcited by 301
- 2022Bridging the Domain Gap in Satellite Pose Estimation: a Self-Training Approach based on Geometrical Constraintscited by 21
- 2024Bayesian Learning-driven Prototypical Contrastive Loss for Class-Incremental Learningcited by 13
- 2024Few-Shot Learning with Uncertainty-based Quadruplet Selection for Interference Classification in GNSS Datacited by 12
- 2024Evaluating ML Robustness in GNSS Interference Classification, Characterization & Localizationcited by 11
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Citing papers per year: 2024: 1; 2025: 4; 2026: 1.
6 papers.
- 2024Federated Learning with MMD-based Early Stopping for Adaptive GNSS Interference Classificationcited by 7
- 2025Multimodal-to-Text Prompt Engineering in Large Language Models Using Feature Embeddings for GNSS Interference Characterizationcited by 4
- 2025Attention-Based Fusion of IQ and FFT Spectrograms with AoA Features for GNSS Jammer Localizationcited by 3
- 2025VAE-based Feature Disentanglement for Data Augmentation and Compression in Generalized GNSS Interference Classificationcited by 1
- 2025GNSS Jammer Direction Finding in Dynamic Scenarios Using an Inertial-based Multi-Antenna Systemcited by 1
- 2026GenAI for Energy-Efficient and Interference-Aware Compressed Sensing of GNSS Signals on a Google Edge TPUcited by 1
- 2026GenAI for Energy-Efficient and Interference-Aware Compressed Sensing of GNSS Signals on a Google Edge TPU14 May 2026
- 2025GNSS Jammer Direction Finding in Dynamic Scenarios Using an Inertial-based Multi-Antenna System23 Nov 2025
- 2025Attention-Based Fusion of IQ and FFT Spectrograms with AoA Features for GNSS Jammer Localization9 Jul 2025
- 2025VAE-based Feature Disentanglement for Data Augmentation and Compression in Generalized GNSS Interference Classification14 Apr 2025
- 2025Multimodal-to-Text Prompt Engineering in Large Language Models Using Feature Embeddings for GNSS Interference Characterization9 Jan 2025
- 2024Federated Learning with MMD-based Early Stopping for Adaptive GNSS Interference Classification21 Oct 2024