Empowering Users in Digital Privacy Management through Interactive LLM-Based Agents
On the map: LLM agents and tool use → Agent threats, guardrails and governance
Abstract (arXiv)
This paper presents a novel application of large language models (LLMs) to enhance user comprehension of privacy policies through an interactive dialogue agent. We demonstrate that LLMs significantly outperform traditional models in tasks like Data Practice Identification, Choice Identification, Policy Summarization, and Privacy Question Answering, setting new benchmarks in privacy policy analysis. Building on these findings, we introduce an innovative LLM-based agent that functions as an expert system for processing website privacy policies, guiding users through complex legal language without requiring them to pose specific questions. A user study with 100 participants showed that users assisted by the agent had higher comprehension levels (mean score of 2.6 out of 3 vs. 1.8 in the control group), reduced cognitive load (task difficulty ratings of 3.2 out of 10 vs. 7.8), increased confidence in managing privacy, and completed tasks in less time (5.5 minutes vs. 15.8 minutes). This work highlights the potential of LLM-based agents to transform user interaction with privacy policies, leading to more informed consent and empowering users in the digital services landscape.
Key facts. Cited by 9 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Placed in Agent threats, guardrails and governance, one of 16 directions in LLM agents and tool use. Builds on 7 of its 35 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 15 Oct 2024.
Builds on
7 of 35 references.
References · 7
- 2023GPT-4 Technical Reportcited by 18,396
- 2022Training language models to follow instructions with human feedbackcited by 15,971
- 2023Sparks of Artificial General Intelligence: Early experiments with GPT-4cited by 2,592
- 2022Emergent Abilities of Large Language Modelscited by 2,512
- 2019Question Answering for Privacy Policies: Combining Computational and Legal Perspectivescited by 67
- 2018Polisis: Automated Analysis and Presentation of Privacy Policies Using Deep Learningcited by 50
- 2020PolicyQA: A Reading Comprehension Dataset for Privacy Policiescited by 34
Built on by
Citing papers per year: 2025: 5; 2026: 4.
9 papers.
- 2025A Survey on Trustworthy LLM Agents: Threats and Countermeasurescited by 96
- 2025"Before, I Asked My Mom, Now I Ask ChatGPT": Visual Privacy Management with Generative AI for Blind and Low-Vision Peoplecited by 6
- 2025Helping Johnny Make Sense of Privacy Policies with LLMscited by 5
- 2025Multi-level Value Alignment in Agentic AI Systems: Survey and Perspectivescited by 5
- 2025CAPC-CG: A Large-Scale, Expert-Directed LLM-Annotated Corpus of Adaptive Policy Communication in Chinacited by 1
- 2026From Fragmentation to Integration: Exploring the Design Space of AI Agents for Human-as-the-Unit Privacy Managementcited by 0
- 2026The Privacy Guardian Agent: Towards Trustworthy AI Privacy Agentscited by 0
- 2026PrivacyAkinator: Articulating Key Privacy Design Decisions by Answering LLM-Generated Multiple-choice Questionscited by 0
- 2026A Systematic Evaluation of Traditional Privacy Policy Analysis Tools Against LLMscited by 0
- 2026A Systematic Evaluation of Traditional Privacy Policy Analysis Tools Against LLMs19 Jul 2026
- 2026The Privacy Guardian Agent: Towards Trustworthy AI Privacy Agents23 Apr 2026
- 2026PrivacyAkinator: Articulating Key Privacy Design Decisions by Answering LLM-Generated Multiple-choice Questions8 Apr 2026
- 2026From Fragmentation to Integration: Exploring the Design Space of AI Agents for Human-as-the-Unit Privacy Management4 Feb 2026
- 2025CAPC-CG: A Large-Scale, Expert-Directed LLM-Annotated Corpus of Adaptive Policy Communication in China10 Oct 2025
- 2025"Before, I Asked My Mom, Now I Ask ChatGPT": Visual Privacy Management with Generative AI for Blind and Low-Vision People30 Jun 2025
- 2025Multi-level Value Alignment in Agentic AI Systems: Survey and Perspectives11 Jun 2025
- 2025A Survey on Trustworthy LLM Agents: Threats and Countermeasures12 Mar 2025
- 2025Helping Johnny Make Sense of Privacy Policies with LLMs27 Jan 2025
Similar, not cited
Close in wording, no citation either way
- 2026Privacy Control in Conversational LLM Platforms: A Walkthrough Study
- 2026PrivacyReasoner: Can LLM Emulate a Human-like Privacy Mind?
- 2026NeuroFilter: Activation-Based Guardrails for Privacy-Conscious LLM Agents
- 2025Explainable AI in Usable Privacy and Security: Challenges and Opportunities
- 2025A Longitudinal Measurement of Privacy Policy Evolution for Large Language Models
- 2023"It's a Fair Game", or Is It? Examining How Users Navigate Disclosure Risks and Benefits When Using LLM-Based Conversational Agents
- 20251-2-3 Check: Enhancing Contextual Privacy in LLM via Multi-Agent Reasoning
- 2024The Emerged Security and Privacy of LLM Agent: A Survey with Case Studies