mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

TC-RAG:Turing-Complete RAG's Case study on Medical LLM Systems

arXiv 2408.09199 ↗First posted 17 Aug 2024cs.IRcited by 28

On the map: Retrieval-augmented generation → Medical and biomedical RAG

Abstract (arXiv)

In the pursuit of enhancing domain-specific Large Language Models (LLMs), Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) emerges as a promising solution to mitigate issues such as hallucinations, outdated knowledge, and limited expertise in highly specialized queries. However, existing approaches to RAG fall short by neglecting system state variables, which are crucial for ensuring adaptive control, retrieval halting, and system convergence. In this paper, we introduce the TC-RAG through rigorous proof, a novel framework that addresses these challenges by incorporating a Turing Complete System to manage state variables, thereby enabling more efficient and accurate knowledge retrieval. By leveraging a memory stack system with adaptive retrieval, reasoning, and planning capabilities, TC-RAG not only ensures the controlled halting of retrieval processes but also mitigates the accumulation of erroneous knowledge via Push and Pop actions. In the case study of the medical domain, our extensive experiments on real-world healthcare datasets demonstrate the superiority of TC-RAG over existing methods in accuracy by over 7.20%. Our dataset and code have been available at https://github.com/Artessay/TC-RAG .

Key facts. Cited by 28 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Placed in Medical and biomedical RAG, one of 15 directions in Retrieval-augmented generation. Builds on 55 of its 95 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 17 Aug 2024.

Builds on

55 of 95 references.

Closest ancestors · 3

Same direction, newest first

  1. 2024Benchmarking Retrieval-Augmented Generation for Medicine20 Feb
  2. 2023HyKGE: A Hypothesis Knowledge Graph Enhanced Framework for Accurate and Reliable Medical LLMs Responses26 Dec
  3. 2023Almanac: Retrieval-Augmented Language Models for Clinical Medicine1 Mar

Other references · 52

  1. 2014Adam: A Method for Stochastic Optimizationcited by 36,960
  2. 2019PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Librarycited by 20,160
  3. 2020Retrieval-Augmented Generation for Knowledge-Intensive NLP Taskscited by 9,160
  4. 2022ReAct: Synergizing Reasoning and Acting in Language Modelscited by 8,355
  5. 2020Scaling Laws for Neural Language Modelscited by 6,411
  6. 2020Dense Passage Retrieval for Open-Domain Question Answeringcited by 3,779
  7. 2018HotpotQA: A Dataset for Diverse, Explainable Multi-hop Question Answeringcited by 3,686
  8. 2023Lost in the Middle: How Language Models Use Long Contextscited by 3,383
  9. 2023Self-RAG: Learning to Retrieve, Generate, and Critique through Self-Reflectioncited by 1,800
  10. 2022Fast Inference from Transformers via Speculative Decodingcited by 1,615
  11. 2024From Local to Global: A Graph RAG Approach to Query-Focused Summarizationcited by 1,411
  12. 2021Improving language models by retrieving from trillions of tokenscited by 1,278
38 more
  1. 2020Constructing A Multi-hop QA Dataset for Comprehensive Evaluation of Reasoning Stepscited by 1,259
  2. 2023Accelerating Large Language Model Decoding with Speculative Samplingcited by 975
  3. 2022Atlas: Few-shot Learning with Retrieval Augmented Language Modelscited by 940
  4. 2022Interleaving Retrieval with Chain-of-Thought Reasoning for Knowledge-Intensive Multi-Step Questionscited by 911
  5. 2019Generalization through Memorization: Nearest Neighbor Language Modelscited by 788
  6. 2021Did Aristotle Use a Laptop? A Question Answering Benchmark with Implicit Reasoning Strategiescited by 736
  7. 2023Towards General Text Embeddings with Multi-stage Contrastive Learningcited by 705
  8. 2023In-Context Retrieval-Augmented Language Modelscited by 694
  9. 2023Textbooks Are All You Needcited by 561
  10. 2022Large Language Models Struggle to Learn Long-Tail Knowledgecited by 452
  11. 2024Adaptive-RAG: Learning to Adapt Retrieval-Augmented Large Language Models through Question Complexitycited by 437
  12. 2020RocketQA: An Optimized Training Approach to Dense Passage Retrieval for Open-Domain Question Answeringcited by 410
  13. 2023Making Retrieval-Augmented Language Models Robust to Irrelevant Contextcited by 364
  14. 2024The Power of Noise: Redefining Retrieval for RAG Systemscited by 275
  15. 2023Chain-of-Note: Enhancing Robustness in Retrieval-Augmented Language Modelscited by 180
  16. 2021Retrieving and Reading: A Comprehensive Survey on Open-domain Question Answeringcited by 178
  17. 2023HuaTuo: Tuning LLaMA Model with Chinese Medical Knowledgecited by 161
  18. 2023PaperQA: Retrieval-Augmented Generative Agent for Scientific Researchcited by 143
  19. 2024Seven Failure Points When Engineering a Retrieval Augmented Generation Systemcited by 138
  20. 2023Chain-of-Knowledge: Grounding Large Language Models via Dynamic Knowledge Adapting over Heterogeneous Sourcescited by 121
  21. 2023Zhongjing: Enhancing the Chinese Medical Capabilities of Large Language Model through Expert Feedback and Real-world Multi-turn Dialoguecited by 118
  22. 2023ChatCAD: Interactive Computer-Aided Diagnosis on Medical Image using Large Language Modelscited by 116
  23. 2023CMB: A Comprehensive Medical Benchmark in Chinesecited by 113
  24. 2020Factual Error Correction for Abstractive Summarization Modelscited by 108
  25. 2021CBLUE: A Chinese Biomedical Language Understanding Evaluation Benchmarkcited by 99
  26. 2021Unified Named Entity Recognition as Word-Word Relation Classificationcited by 89
  27. 2024Enhancing Noise Robustness of Retrieval-Augmented Language Models with Adaptive Adversarial Trainingcited by 88
  28. 2024SuRe: Summarizing Retrievals using Answer Candidates for Open-domain QA of LLMscited by 67
  29. 2024Revisiting Demonstration Selection Strategies in In-Context Learningcited by 57
  30. 2020IIRC: A Dataset of Incomplete Information Reading Comprehension Questionscited by 52
  31. 2021UnitedQA: A Hybrid Approach for Open Domain Question Answeringcited by 42
  32. 2023Small Models are Valuable Plug-ins for Large Language Modelscited by 42
  33. 2023KG-GPT: A General Framework for Reasoning on Knowledge Graphs Using Large Language Modelscited by 32
  34. 2024Large Language Model Distilling Medication Recommendation Modelcited by 25
  35. 2024Parameter Efficient Quasi-Orthogonal Fine-Tuning via Givens Rotationcited by 21
  36. 2024KnowPO: Knowledge-aware Preference Optimization for Controllable Knowledge Selection in Retrieval-Augmented Language Modelscited by 20
  37. 2023Uncertainty Quantification via Spatial-Temporal Tweedie Model for Zero-inflated and Long-tail Travel Demand Predictioncited by 19
  38. 2024Chain-of-History Reasoning for Temporal Knowledge Graph Forecastingcited by 17

50 most cited of 52 All 52 (JSON)

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Cited by year (2026 to 7 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2024: 3; 2025: 13; 2026: 12.

28 papers.

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  1. 2025MedRAG: Enhancing Retrieval-augmented Generation with Knowledge Graph-Elicited Reasoning for Healthcare Copilotcited by 83
  2. 2025NodeRAG: Structuring Graph-based RAG with Heterogeneous Nodescited by 25
  3. 2025MCTS-RAG: Enhancing Retrieval-Augmented Generation with Monte Carlo Tree Searchcited by 20
  4. 2024Parenting: Optimizing Knowledge Selection of Retrieval-Augmented Language Models with Parameter Decoupling and Tailored Tuningcited by 14
  5. 2025Towards Omni-RAG: Comprehensive Retrieval-Augmented Generation for Large Language Models in Medical Applicationscited by 13
  6. 2026StackPlanner: A Centralized Hierarchical Multi-Agent System with Task-Experience Memory Managementcited by 13
  7. 2025GRAIT: Gradient-Driven Refusal-Aware Instruction Tuning for Effective Hallucination Mitigationcited by 11
  8. 2024Semi-supervised Fine-tuning for Large Language Modelscited by 8
  9. 2026SoK: Privacy Risks and Mitigations in Retrieval-Augmented Generation Systemscited by 7
  10. 2024ProveRAG: Provenance-Driven Vulnerability Analysis with Automated Retrieval-Augmented LLMscited by 6
  11. 2025PIS: Linking Importance Sampling and Attention Mechanisms for Efficient Prompt Compressioncited by 4
  12. 2025DoctorRAG: Medical RAG Fusing Knowledge with Patient Analogy through Textual Gradientscited by 4
16 more
  1. 2025ADEPT: Continual Pretraining via Adaptive Expansion and Dynamic Decoupled Tuningcited by 4
  2. 2026TARSE: Test-Time Adaptation via Retrieval of Skills and Experience for Reasoning Agentscited by 4
  3. 2025HetaRAG: Hybrid Deep Retrieval-Augmented Generation across Heterogeneous Data Storescited by 3
  4. 2026From Conflict to Consensus: Boosting Medical Reasoning via Multi-Round Agentic RAGcited by 3
  5. 2025DFAMS: Dynamic-flow guided Federated Alignment based Multi-prototype Searchcited by 2
  6. 2026ScaffoldAgent: Utility-Guided Dynamic Outline Optimization for Open-Ended Deep Researchcited by 2
  7. 2026KbSD: Knowledge Boundary aware Self-Distillation for Behavioral Calibration in Agentic Searchcited by 2
  8. 2026AgenticRag-R1: Agentic Reinforcement Learning with Stack Memory for Multi-Step Reasoning, Retrieval and Memorizingcited by 2
  9. 2025QM-ToT: A Medical Tree of Thoughts Reasoning Framework for Quantized Modelcited by 1
  10. 2025EEG-MedRAG: Enhancing EEG-based Clinical Decision-Making via Hierarchical Hypergraph Retrieval-Augmented Generationcited by 1
  11. 2025Enhancing LLM Generation with Knowledge Hypergraph for Evidence-Based Medicinecited by 0
  12. 2026TCM-DiffRAG: Personalized Syndrome Differentiation Reasoning Method for Traditional Chinese Medicine based on Knowledge Graph and Chain of Thoughtcited by 0
  13. 2026EmoDistill: Offline Emotion Skill Distillation for Language Model Agents in Adversarial Negotiationcited by 0
  14. 2026LoongReflect: Boosting Long-Horizon Reflection in Search Agents via Global Perspective Distillationcited by 0
  15. 2026MemoryWalker: Stop Training Agents on Contexts They Never Sawcited by 0
  16. 2026GenMem: Generative Symbolic Memory for Self-Evolving Harnesscited by 0

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  1. 2024Development and Testing of Retrieval Augmented Generation in Large Language Models -- A Case Study Report
  2. 2025Leveraging Language Models and RAG for Efficient Knowledge Discovery in Clinical Environments
  3. 2025RAG+: Enhancing Retrieval-Augmented Generation with Application-Aware Reasoning
  4. 2024A Hybrid RAG System with Comprehensive Enhancement on Complex Reasoning
  5. 2024Comprehensive and Practical Evaluation of Retrieval-Augmented Generation Systems for Medical Question Answering
  6. 2026Pursuing Best Industrial Practices for Retrieval-Augmented Generation in the Medical Domain
  7. 2023Retrieval-Augmented Generation for Large Language Models: A Survey
  8. 2024A Survey on RAG Meeting LLMs: Towards Retrieval-Augmented Large Language Models