Is Your Large Language Model Knowledgeable or a Choices-Only Cheater?
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Abstract (arXiv)
Recent work shows that large language models (LLMs) can answer multiple-choice questions using only the choices, but does this mean that MCQA leaderboard rankings of LLMs are largely influenced by abilities in choices-only settings? To answer this, we use a contrast set that probes if LLMs over-rely on choices-only shortcuts in MCQA. While previous works build contrast sets via expensive human annotations or model-generated data which can be biased, we employ graph mining to extract contrast sets from existing MCQA datasets. We use our method on UnifiedQA, a group of six commonsense reasoning datasets with high choices-only accuracy, to build an 820-question contrast set. After validating our contrast set, we test 12 LLMs, finding that these models do not exhibit reliance on choice-only shortcuts when given both the question and choices. Thus, despite the susceptibility~of MCQA to high choices-only accuracy, we argue that LLMs are not obtaining high ranks on MCQA leaderboards just due to their ability to exploit choices-only shortcuts.
Key facts. Cited by 12 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 24 of its 38 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 2 Jul 2024.
Builds on
24 of 38 references.
References · 24
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12 more
- 2019Learning the Difference that Makes a Difference with Counterfactually-Augmented Datacited by 428
- 2023Large Language Models Sensitivity to The Order of Options in Multiple-Choice Questionscited by 249
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Built on by
Citing papers per year: 2024: 2; 2025: 6; 2026: 4.
12 papers.
- 2025Which of These Best Describes Multiple Choice Evaluation with LLMs? A) Forced B) Flawed C) Fixable D) All of the Abovecited by 51
- 2025Answer Matching Outperforms Multiple Choice for Language Model Evaluationcited by 37
- 2024Improving Model Evaluation using SMART Filtering of Benchmark Datasetscited by 20
- 2024TQA-Bench: Evaluating LLMs for Multi-Table Question Answeringcited by 17
- 2026Do Audio-Visual Large Language Models Really See and Hear?cited by 9
- 2025It is Too Many Options: Pitfalls of Multiple-Choice Questions in Generative AI and Medical Educationcited by 7
- 2025AtmosSci-Bench: Evaluating the Recent Advance of Large Language Model for Atmospheric Sciencecited by 6
- 2025FailureSensorIQ: A Multi-Choice QA Dataset for Understanding Sensor Relationships and Failure Modescited by 6
- 2026BenchMarker: An Education-Inspired Toolkit for Highlighting Flaws in Multiple-Choice Benchmarkscited by 3
- 2025Choices Speak Louder than Questionscited by 2
- 2026TS-Skill: A Benchmark for Evaluating Analytical Skills in Time-Series Question Answeringcited by 0
- 2026Check The Scoreboard: An Analysis of Scoring Schemes on Multiple-Choice Evaluationcited by 0
- 2026Check The Scoreboard: An Analysis of Scoring Schemes on Multiple-Choice Evaluation30 Aug 2026
- 2026TS-Skill: A Benchmark for Evaluating Analytical Skills in Time-Series Question Answering23 May 2026
- 2026Do Audio-Visual Large Language Models Really See and Hear?3 Apr 2026
- 2026BenchMarker: An Education-Inspired Toolkit for Highlighting Flaws in Multiple-Choice Benchmarks5 Feb 2026
- 2025Answer Matching Outperforms Multiple Choice for Language Model Evaluation3 Jul 2025
- 2025FailureSensorIQ: A Multi-Choice QA Dataset for Understanding Sensor Relationships and Failure Modes3 Jun 2025
- 2025It is Too Many Options: Pitfalls of Multiple-Choice Questions in Generative AI and Medical Education13 Mar 2025
- 2025Choices Speak Louder than Questions26 Feb 2025
- 2025Which of These Best Describes Multiple Choice Evaluation with LLMs? A) Forced B) Flawed C) Fixable D) All of the Above19 Feb 2025
- 2025AtmosSci-Bench: Evaluating the Recent Advance of Large Language Model for Atmospheric Science3 Feb 2025
- 2024TQA-Bench: Evaluating LLMs for Multi-Table Question Answering29 Nov 2024
- 2024Improving Model Evaluation using SMART Filtering of Benchmark Datasets26 Oct 2024
Similar, not cited
Close in wording, no citation either way
- 2025Test-Time Reasoners Are Strategic Multiple-Choice Test-Takers
- 2025Reasoning Models are Test Exploiters: Rethinking Multiple-Choice
- 2025Multiple Choice Questions: Reasoning Makes Large Language Models (LLMs) More Self-Confident, Especially When They are Wrong
- 2025Is Large Language Model Performance on Reasoning Tasks Impacted by Different Ways Questions Are Asked?
- 2025None of the Above, Less of the Right: Parallel Patterns between Humans and LLMs on Multi-Choice Questions Answering
- 2025Do LLMs Make Mistakes Like Students? Exploring Natural Alignment between Language Models and Human Error Patterns
- 2024Look at the Text: Instruction-Tuned Language Models are More Robust Multiple Choice Selectors than You Think
- 2024CLR-Bench: Evaluating Large Language Models in College-level Reasoning