mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

Is Your Large Language Model Knowledgeable or a Choices-Only Cheater?

arXiv 2407.01992 ↗First posted 2 Jul 2024cs.CLcited by 12

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Abstract (arXiv)

Recent work shows that large language models (LLMs) can answer multiple-choice questions using only the choices, but does this mean that MCQA leaderboard rankings of LLMs are largely influenced by abilities in choices-only settings? To answer this, we use a contrast set that probes if LLMs over-rely on choices-only shortcuts in MCQA. While previous works build contrast sets via expensive human annotations or model-generated data which can be biased, we employ graph mining to extract contrast sets from existing MCQA datasets. We use our method on UnifiedQA, a group of six commonsense reasoning datasets with high choices-only accuracy, to build an 820-question contrast set. After validating our contrast set, we test 12 LLMs, finding that these models do not exhibit reliance on choice-only shortcuts when given both the question and choices. Thus, despite the susceptibility~of MCQA to high choices-only accuracy, we argue that LLMs are not obtaining high ranks on MCQA leaderboards just due to their ability to exploit choices-only shortcuts.

Key facts. Cited by 12 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 24 of its 38 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 2 Jul 2024.

Builds on

24 of 38 references.

References · 24

  1. 2023Llama 2: Open Foundation and Fine-Tuned Chat Modelscited by 12,865
  2. 2018Think you have Solved Question Answering? Try ARC, the AI2 Reasoning Challengecited by 4,710
  3. 2019HellaSwag: Can a Machine Really Finish Your Sentence?cited by 4,018
  4. 2019PIQA: Reasoning about Physical Commonsense in Natural Languagecited by 2,818
  5. 2018Can a Suit of Armor Conduct Electricity? A New Dataset for Open Book Question Answeringcited by 2,114
  6. 2018CommonsenseQA: A Question Answering Challenge Targeting Commonsense Knowledgecited by 1,793
  7. 2020Beyond Accuracy: Behavioral Testing of NLP models with CheckListcited by 979
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  9. 2024Yi: Open Foundation Models by 01.AIcited by 706
  10. 2020UnifiedQA: Crossing Format Boundaries With a Single QA Systemcited by 475
  11. 2023Large Language Models Are Not Robust Multiple Choice Selectorscited by 454
  12. 2017Supervised Learning of Universal Sentence Representations from Natural Language Inference Datacited by 428
12 more
  1. 2019Learning the Difference that Makes a Difference with Counterfactually-Augmented Datacited by 428
  2. 2023Large Language Models Sensitivity to The Order of Options in Multiple-Choice Questionscited by 249
  3. 2019QASC: A Dataset for Question Answering via Sentence Compositioncited by 248
  4. 2023Large Language Model as Attributed Training Data Generator: A Tale of Diversity and Biascited by 230
  5. 2021Polyjuice: Generating Counterfactuals for Explaining, Evaluating, and Improving Modelscited by 219
  6. 2022Leveraging Large Language Models for Multiple Choice Question Answeringcited by 199
  7. 2018Breaking NLI Systems with Sentences that Require Simple Lexical Inferencescited by 134
  8. 2019Counterfactual Story Reasoning and Generationcited by 87
  9. 2024Artifacts or Abduction: How Do LLMs Answer Multiple-Choice Questions Without the Question?cited by 68
  10. 2020Better Distractions: Transformer-based Distractor Generation and Multiple Choice Question Filteringcited by 17
  11. 2022Flexible text generation for counterfactual fairness probingcited by 13
  12. 2024How often are errors in natural language reasoning due to paraphrastic variability?cited by 5

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Cited by year (2026 to 7 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2024: 2; 2025: 6; 2026: 4.

12 papers.

Similar, not cited

Close in wording, no citation either way

  1. 2025Test-Time Reasoners Are Strategic Multiple-Choice Test-Takers
  2. 2025Reasoning Models are Test Exploiters: Rethinking Multiple-Choice
  3. 2025Multiple Choice Questions: Reasoning Makes Large Language Models (LLMs) More Self-Confident, Especially When They are Wrong
  4. 2025Is Large Language Model Performance on Reasoning Tasks Impacted by Different Ways Questions Are Asked?
  5. 2025None of the Above, Less of the Right: Parallel Patterns between Humans and LLMs on Multi-Choice Questions Answering
  6. 2025Do LLMs Make Mistakes Like Students? Exploring Natural Alignment between Language Models and Human Error Patterns
  7. 2024Look at the Text: Instruction-Tuned Language Models are More Robust Multiple Choice Selectors than You Think
  8. 2024CLR-Bench: Evaluating Large Language Models in College-level Reasoning