Chrono: A Simple Blueprint for Representing Time in MLLMs
On the map: Multimodal LLMs / vision-language models → Video understanding with MLLMs
Abstract (arXiv)
The recent success of Large Language Models (LLMs) has prompted the extension to the multimodal domain, developing image-text Multimodal LLMs (MLLMs) and then video-text models. In this work, we investigate the challenge of contextual and temporal comprehension in video-language models by exploring the task of temporal localization in videos. To address this problem, prior works have developed complex task-specific architectures, novel modules to embed time into MLLMs, or leveraged additional input signals such as video transcripts to best encode contextual and temporal information. We find that most of these efforts are surpassed by a much simpler design. We introduce Chrono, a universal sequence blueprint that can be applied to any image-text pretrained MLLM. In extensive experiments spanning different MLLM architectures and sizes, finetuning and zero-shot settings, we demonstrate new state-of-the-art results in moment retrieval on the widely used benchmarks Charades-STA, QVHighlights, and ActivityNet Captions, as well as in grounded video question answering on NExT-GQA.
Key facts. Cited by 17 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Placed in Video understanding with MLLMs, one of 16 directions in Multimodal LLMs / vision-language models. Builds on 42 of its 63 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 26 Jun 2024.
Builds on
42 of 63 references.
Closest ancestors · 4
Same direction, newest first
- 2024LITA: Language Instructed Temporal-Localization Assistant27 Mar
- 2023TimeChat: A Time-sensitive Multimodal Large Language Model for Long Video Understanding4 Dec
- 2023Video-LLaMA: An Instruction-tuned Audio-Visual Language Model for Video Understanding5 Jun
- 2023Vid2Seq: Large-Scale Pretraining of a Visual Language Model for Dense Video Captioning27 Feb
Other references · 38
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- 2018SlowFast Networks for Video Recognitioncited by 1,862
- 2017Dense-Captioning Events in Videoscited by 789
- 2021NExT-QA:Next Phase of Question-Answering to Explaining Temporal Actionscited by 735
- 2017Localizing Moments in Video with Natural Languagecited by 660
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- 2021CLIP4Clip: An Empirical Study of CLIP for End to End Video Clip Retrievalcited by 645
- 2017TALL: Temporal Activity Localization via Language Querycited by 581
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- 2021Less is More: ClipBERT for Video-and-Language Learning via Sparse Samplingcited by 484
- 2024InternVideo2: Scaling Foundation Models for Multimodal Video Understandingcited by 310
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- 2022X-CLIP: End-to-End Multi-grained Contrastive Learning for Video-Text Retrievalcited by 279
- 2023VTimeLLM: Empower LLM to Grasp Video Momentscited by 253
- 2021CLIP2Video: Mastering Video-Text Retrieval via Image CLIPcited by 223
- 2023Self-Chained Image-Language Model for Video Localization and Question Answeringcited by 200
- 2020Local-Global Video-Text Interactions for Temporal Groundingcited by 188
- 2020Dense Regression Network for Video Groundingcited by 176
- 2023A Simple LLM Framework for Long-Range Video Question-Answeringcited by 176
- 2023Query-Dependent Video Representation for Moment Retrieval and Highlight Detectioncited by 166
- 2023mPLUG-2: A Modularized Multi-modal Foundation Model Across Text, Image and Videocited by 154
- 2022UMT: Unified Multi-modal Transformers for Joint Video Moment Retrieval and Highlight Detectioncited by 148
- 2023Can I Trust Your Answer? Visually Grounded Video Question Answeringcited by 133
- 2022Revealing Single Frame Bias for Video-and-Language Learningcited by 131
- 2024Momentor: Advancing Video Large Language Model with Fine-Grained Temporal Reasoningcited by 122
- 2019Temporally Grounding Language Queries in Videos by Contextual Boundary-aware Predictioncited by 84
- 2023Knowing Where to Focus: Event-aware Transformer for Video Groundingcited by 79
- 2023UnLoc: A Unified Framework for Video Localization Taskscited by 66
- 2021Object-aware Video-language Pre-training for Retrievalcited by 57
- 2020VLG-Net: Video-Language Graph Matching Network for Video Groundingcited by 50
- 2022LocVTP: Video-Text Pre-training for Temporal Localizationcited by 44
- 2023BAM-DETR: Boundary-Aligned Moment Detection Transformer for Temporal Sentence Grounding in Videoscited by 29
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Citing papers per year: 2024: 2; 2025: 6; 2026: 9.
17 papers.
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- 2024Lighthouse: A User-Friendly Library for Reproducible Video Moment Retrieval and Highlight Detectioncited by 5
- 2025EgoExo-Con: Exploring View-Invariant Video Temporal Understandingcited by 4
- 2025Measure Twice, Cut Once: A Semantic-Oriented Approach to Video Temporal Localization with Video LLMscited by 2
- 2025Image-to-Video Transfer Learning based on Image-Language Foundation Models: A Comprehensive Surveycited by 2
- 2026How Should Video LLMs Output Time? An Analysis of Efficient Temporal Grounding Paradigmscited by 2
- 2024ShotVL: Human-Centric Highlight Frame Retrieval via Language Queriescited by 1
- 2026ShotFinder: Imagination-Driven Open-Domain Video Shot Retrieval via Web Searchcited by 1
- 2026SlotVTG: Object-Centric Adapter for Generalizable Video Temporal Groundingcited by 1
- 2026EVIDENT: Routing MLLM Adaptation through Entity-Grounded Visual Evidence for Cross-Domain Video Temporal Groundingcited by 1
- 2026MEDit-Bench: A Dataset for Evaluating Message-Driven Narrative Video Editingcited by 1
- 2025Temporal Grounding as a Learning Signal for Referring Video Object Segmentationcited by 0
- 2025Understanding Temporal Logic Consistency in Video-Language Models through Cross-Modal Attention Discriminabilitycited by 0
5 more
- 2025Moment and Highlight Detection via MLLM Frame Segmentationcited by 0
- 2026Decoding Pedestrian Crossing Intention from Egocentric Vision via Vision Language Modelscited by 0
- 2026EventCoT: Event-centric Video Chain-of-thought for Reasoning Temporal Localizationcited by 0
- 2026IAE-VTG: Interaction-Aligned Action-Entity Video Temporal Groundingcited by 0
- 2026Long-to-Short Video Evidence Reasoning for Grounded Question Answeringcited by 0
- 2026Long-to-Short Video Evidence Reasoning for Grounded Question Answering14 Sep 2026
- 2026IAE-VTG: Interaction-Aligned Action-Entity Video Temporal Grounding9 Sep 2026
- 2026MEDit-Bench: A Dataset for Evaluating Message-Driven Narrative Video Editing28 Jul 2026
- 2026EventCoT: Event-centric Video Chain-of-thought for Reasoning Temporal Localization6 Jul 2026
- 2026Decoding Pedestrian Crossing Intention from Egocentric Vision via Vision Language Models8 Jun 2026
- 2026EVIDENT: Routing MLLM Adaptation through Entity-Grounded Visual Evidence for Cross-Domain Video Temporal Grounding25 May 2026
- 2026How Should Video LLMs Output Time? An Analysis of Efficient Temporal Grounding Paradigms10 Apr 2026
- 2026SlotVTG: Object-Centric Adapter for Generalizable Video Temporal Grounding26 Mar 2026
- 2026ShotFinder: Imagination-Driven Open-Domain Video Shot Retrieval via Web Search30 Jan 2026
- 2025Moment and Highlight Detection via MLLM Frame Segmentation13 Dec 2025
- 2025EgoExo-Con: Exploring View-Invariant Video Temporal Understanding30 Oct 2025
- 2025Image-to-Video Transfer Learning based on Image-Language Foundation Models: A Comprehensive Survey12 Oct 2025
5 more
- 2025Understanding Temporal Logic Consistency in Video-Language Models through Cross-Modal Attention Discriminability9 Oct 2025
- 2025Temporal Grounding as a Learning Signal for Referring Video Object Segmentation16 Aug 2025
- 2025Measure Twice, Cut Once: A Semantic-Oriented Approach to Video Temporal Localization with Video LLMs12 Mar 2025
- 2024ShotVL: Human-Centric Highlight Frame Retrieval via Language Queries17 Dec 2024
- 2024Lighthouse: A User-Friendly Library for Reproducible Video Moment Retrieval and Highlight Detection6 Aug 2024
- 2024Lighthouse: A User-Friendly Library for Reproducible Video Moment Retrieval and Highlight Detectioncited by 5
- 2025EgoExo-Con: Exploring View-Invariant Video Temporal Understandingcited by 4
- 2025Measure Twice, Cut Once: A Semantic-Oriented Approach to Video Temporal Localization with Video LLMscited by 2
- 2025Image-to-Video Transfer Learning based on Image-Language Foundation Models: A Comprehensive Surveycited by 2
- 2024ShotVL: Human-Centric Highlight Frame Retrieval via Language Queriescited by 1
- 2026ShotFinder: Imagination-Driven Open-Domain Video Shot Retrieval via Web Searchcited by 1
- 2026EVIDENT: Routing MLLM Adaptation through Entity-Grounded Visual Evidence for Cross-Domain Video Temporal Groundingcited by 1
- 2026MEDit-Bench: A Dataset for Evaluating Message-Driven Narrative Video Editingcited by 1
- 2025Temporal Grounding as a Learning Signal for Referring Video Object Segmentationcited by 0
- 2025Understanding Temporal Logic Consistency in Video-Language Models through Cross-Modal Attention Discriminabilitycited by 0
- 2025Moment and Highlight Detection via MLLM Frame Segmentationcited by 0
- 2026IAE-VTG: Interaction-Aligned Action-Entity Video Temporal Groundingcited by 0
12 most cited of 13 All 13 (JSON)
- 2026Long-to-Short Video Evidence Reasoning for Grounded Question Answering14 Sep 2026
- 2026IAE-VTG: Interaction-Aligned Action-Entity Video Temporal Grounding9 Sep 2026
- 2026MEDit-Bench: A Dataset for Evaluating Message-Driven Narrative Video Editing28 Jul 2026
- 2026EVIDENT: Routing MLLM Adaptation through Entity-Grounded Visual Evidence for Cross-Domain Video Temporal Grounding25 May 2026
- 2026ShotFinder: Imagination-Driven Open-Domain Video Shot Retrieval via Web Search30 Jan 2026
- 2025Moment and Highlight Detection via MLLM Frame Segmentation13 Dec 2025
- 2025EgoExo-Con: Exploring View-Invariant Video Temporal Understanding30 Oct 2025
- 2025Image-to-Video Transfer Learning based on Image-Language Foundation Models: A Comprehensive Survey12 Oct 2025
- 2025Understanding Temporal Logic Consistency in Video-Language Models through Cross-Modal Attention Discriminability9 Oct 2025
- 2025Temporal Grounding as a Learning Signal for Referring Video Object Segmentation16 Aug 2025
- 2025Measure Twice, Cut Once: A Semantic-Oriented Approach to Video Temporal Localization with Video LLMs12 Mar 2025
- 2024ShotVL: Human-Centric Highlight Frame Retrieval via Language Queries17 Dec 2024
12 newest of 13 All 13 (JSON)
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- 2024Temporal Grounding of Activities using Multimodal Large Language Models
- 2024TimeSuite: Improving MLLMs for Long Video Understanding via Grounded Tuning
- 2025DATE: Dynamic Absolute Time Enhancement for Long Video Understanding
- 2025Iterative Zoom-In: Temporal Interval Exploration for Long Video Understanding
- 2026Moment-Video: Diagnosing Temporal Fidelity of Video MLLMs on Momentary Visual Events
- 2025Can Multimodal LLMs do Visual Temporal Understanding and Reasoning? The answer is No!
- 2024Perceive, Query & Reason: Enhancing Video QA with Question-Guided Temporal Queries
- 2024TimeMarker: A Versatile Video-LLM for Long and Short Video Understanding with Superior Temporal Localization Ability