mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

Enhancing Multilingual Voice Toxicity Detection with Speech-Text Alignment

arXiv 2406.10325 ↗First posted 14 Jun 2024cs.CL cs.LG eess.AScited by 5

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Abstract (arXiv)

Toxicity classification for voice heavily relies on the semantic content of speech. We propose a novel framework that utilizes cross-modal learning to integrate the semantic embedding of text into a multilabel speech toxicity classifier during training. This enables us to incorporate textual information during training while still requiring only audio during inference. We evaluate this classifier on large-scale datasets with real-world characteristics to validate the effectiveness of this framework. Through ablation studies, we demonstrate that general-purpose semantic text embeddings are rich and aligned with speech for toxicity classification purposes. Conducting experiments across multiple languages at scale, we show improvements in voice toxicity classification across five languages and different toxicity categories.

Key facts. Cited by 5 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 15 of its 22 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 14 Jun 2024.

Builds on

15 of 22 references.

References · 15

  1. 2019DistilBERT, a distilled version of BERT: smaller, faster, cheaper and lightercited by 4,243
  2. 2022Robust Speech Recognition via Large-Scale Weak Supervisioncited by 3,972
  3. 2020wav2vec 2.0: A Framework for Self-Supervised Learning of Speech Representationscited by 3,853
  4. 2021WavLM: Large-Scale Self-Supervised Pre-Training for Full Stack Speech Processingcited by 1,609
  5. 2022MTEB: Massive Text Embedding Benchmarkcited by 623
  6. 2018Massively Multilingual Sentence Embeddings for Zero-Shot Cross-Lingual Transfer and Beyondcited by 434
  7. 2024Multilingual E5 Text Embeddings: A Technical Reportcited by 357
  8. 2021Comparing Kullback-Leibler Divergence and Mean Squared Error Loss in Knowledge Distillationcited by 131
  9. 2023SONAR: Sentence-Level Multimodal and Language-Agnostic Representationscited by 105
  10. 2022Cross-modal Contrastive Learning for Speech Translationcited by 61
  11. 2024MuTox: Universal MUltilingual Audio-based TOXicity Dataset and Zero-shot Detectorcited by 14
  12. 2021DeToxy: A Large-Scale Multimodal Dataset for Toxicity Classification in Spoken Utterancescited by 13
3 more
  1. 2022ADIMA: Abuse Detection In Multilingual Audiocited by 11
  2. 2023Lightweight Toxicity Detection in Spoken Language: A Transformer-based Approach for Edge Devicescited by 5
  3. 2023Using Text Injection to Improve Recognition of Personal Identifiers in Speechcited by 3

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Cited by year (2026 to 7 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2024: 1; 2025: 2; 2026: 2.

5 papers.